^ 

"^A. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


LA  12.8     12.5 
^  lii   |Z2 


I.I 


us 

Its 
u 


11.25 


m 


FholDgraphic 

Sciences 

Corparalion 


4^:% 


33  wht  mam  strmt 

wiistir,n.y.  14510 

(71*)t73-4S03 


^J5^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquas 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notaa/Notaa  tachniquat  at  bibliographiquaa 


Tha  Inatituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  aignificantly  changa 
tha  uaual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  balow. 


D 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Colourad  covara/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


I     I   Covara  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommagAa 

Covara  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  raatauria  at/ou  pailicuiia 

Covar  titia  misaing/ 

La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 

Colourad  mapa/ 

Cartaa  giographiquaa  an  coulaur 


□    Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  blua  or  black)/ 
Encre  da  coulaur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

I      I   Coloured  plataa  and/or  iiiuatrationa/ 


Planchea  et/ou  iiiuatrationa  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Ralii  avac  d'autrea  documenta 


Tight  binding  may  cauae  ahadowa  or  diatortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  aerrie  peut  cauaar  da  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
diatortion  la  long  de  la  marge  intArieure 

Blank  iaavaa  added  during  reatoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  poaaibia.  theae 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  ae  peut  que  certainea  pagea  blanchaa  ajouttea 
lore  d'una  restauration  apparaiaaent  dana  la  texte, 
maia,  ioraqua  cela  6tait  poaaibia,  cea  pagea  n'ont 
paa  6t6  film6ea. 

Additional  commenta:/ 
Commentairea  auppiimantalrea; 


L'inatitut  a  microfilm*  la  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  At*  poaaibia  de  ae  procurer.  Lea  d^taiia 
da  cat  exemplaire  qui  aont  peut-Atre  uniquea  du 
point  da  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  imago  raproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dana  la  mAthoda  normale  de  filmage 
aont  indiqute  ci-deaaoua. 


Tha( 
toth 


I     I   Coloured  pagea/ 


Pagea  de  couleur 

Pagea  damaged/ 
Pagea  andommagiea 

Pagea  reatored  and/oi 

Pagea  reataurtea  at/ou  pellicultea 

Pagea  diacoloured,  atained  or  foxat 
Pagea  dicoiortea,  tachatiea  ou  piquAea 


I — I   Pagea  damaged/ 

I — I   Pagea  reatored  and/or  laminated/ 

pn    Pagea  diacoloured,  atained  or  foxed/ 


□Pagea  detached/ 
Pagea  ditach^aa 

HShowthrough/ 
Tranaparence 


Tranaparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualit^  inigale  de  I'impreaaion 

Includea  aupplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  auppiimantaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  diaponible 


I      I    Quality  of  print  variea/ 

|~~1   Includea  aupplementary  material/ 

I — I    Only  edition  available/ 


The  I 
poaa 
of  th 
filmii 


Origl 
begii 
the  I 
aion, 
othe 
firat 
aion, 
or  ill 


D 


Pagea  wholly  or  partially  obacured  by  errata 
alipa,  tiaauea,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
enaure  the  beat  poaaibia  image/ 
Lea  pagea  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obacurciea  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  St6  fiimtea  A  nouveau  da  fa9on  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  poaaibia. 


The 
ahail 
TINl 
whic 

Map 
diffe 
entir 
begi 
right 
requ 
metl 


Thia  item  ia  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  eat  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu*  ci-deaaoua. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

1 
1 

^ 

12X 

16X 

20X 

a4X 

28X 

32X 

Th«  copy  filmed  h«r«  hat  b««n  r«produc«d  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

La  BibliotMqiM  di  la  Villa  da  Montrial 


L'axamplaira  film*  fut  raproduit  grica  k  la 
gAntroait*  da: 

La  Biblioth«qu0  da  la  Villa  da  MontrM 


Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  baat  quality 
poaaibia  conaidaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  apacificationa. 


Laa  imagaa  auivantaa  ont  tt6  raproduitaa  avac  la 
plua  grand  aoin,  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattatA  da  I'axampialra  film*,  at  an 
conformity  avac  laa  conditiona  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


Original  copiaa  in  printad  papar  covara  ara  filmad 
beginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impraa- 
aion.  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriate.  All 
othar  original  copiaa  ara  filmad  beginning  on  the 
firat  page  with  a  printed  or  illuatratad  imprea- 
aion,  and  anding  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illuatratad  impreaaion. 


Lea  exemplairea  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  eat  ImprimAa  aont  f  ilmte  en  commenpant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  aoit  par  la 
darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'illuatration,  aoit  par  la  aacond 
plat,  aelon  le  caa.  Toua  lea  autrea  exemplairea 
originaux  aont  filmto  en  commen9ant  par  la 
pramlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'illuatration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  laat  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
ahail  contain  the  aymbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  aymbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  appliea. 


Un  dea  aymbolea  auivanta  apparattra  aur  la 
darnlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  aelon  le 
caa:  le  aymbole  -^  aignifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
aymbole  V  aignifie  "FIN". 


Mapa,  plataa,  charta.  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratioa.  Thoae  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  expoaure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framea  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrama  illuatrate  the 
method: 


Lea  cartea,  planchea,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  §tre 
filmte  A  dea  taux  de  reduction  difftrenta. 
Loraqua  le  document  eat  trop  grand  pour  Atra 
raproduit  en  un  aaui  clich*,  11  eat  film*  *  partir 
de  i'angle  aup*riaur  gauche,  de  gauche  *  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  baa,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'imagea  n*ceaaaire.  Lea  diagrammea  auivanta 
illuatrent  la  m*thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

:xi&? 


"W 


WR 


-Bi 


rJ?^ 


39304/ 


NEW   TRAVELS 

T    H  .R    O    U    G    H 

ORTH-AMERICA: 

In   A    Series    of    LETTERS; 


/•■•* 


Ixbihiiing  the  H'ifiory  of  the  Victorious  Campaign  of  the  AU'u'!  Armietg 
under  Hu  ExcelUncy  G'tieral  Washingtom.  and  th 

Lount  de  Rochambeau,  in  the  Tear  17*1.  -T/-.  - 


.,    ■     ■   ■■W.-i,.   >f-,. 


interfperledl  with  political  and  philofophieat  Obferva^iens,  upon  thi 
'  genius,  temper,  and  cultoms  of  the  AMERICANS  :  Alfo,  Nar- 
rations of  the  capture  of  General  BURGOYNE,  and  LORD 
CX)RNWALLIS,  with  their  ARMIES  j  and  a  variety  of  interclling 
particulars,   which  occurred    in  the  courfe  of  the 

WAR    IN    AMERICA. 


■■V* 


►.f: 


-  ■;   "    M->iV    ^;'  hi)')     M   >t''fy'-      "    ■ 


k:r*« 


••'^--'% 


^,P^>... 


*-•     l£ 


\rRANSLArED  front  ihe  Or^ginai  »/  /A^   Abhe    R  0  ^ I  AT? 

t 

Ow  o/'/A^  Chaplains  to  the  French  Army  in  AMEitiCA.^,  "  ' 

pill      '  ■  —    .. .  ^   * '  (      I  ''  * 


;,V*'' 


Fr<m,fach  e'ventSt  let   boaflful  Nations  knoiv, 
Jove  lujs  the  pride  of  /}a."qhtiejl  Monarch t  /uotf,  ^  . 
-  And  they,  luiio  kindled  ivith  Ambitious  fre,       .5-  ,     y 

In  artSy  and  arms,  iwb  tnnfl  fuccefs  afpire, 
Jflien  turned  to  tyrants,   but  pro-voke  tkeir ^doom, 
Crafp  at  tbtir  fate^  and  build  thwfckjr.s  a  tomb. 

BuaiRis  by  Vounc 


%  i^-i 


B    O    S 


T     O     N  ,         ::       :     .  ^ 

Printed  by  E.  E.  POWARS  and  N.  WILLIS;for  EiBA-f^^jt^^ 

and  to  be  fold  by  him,  at  his  Book-Store,  State-Street; ^^^^^ 

M,DCC,LXXXIV.  "' 


■    *  11 


/■^ 


■# 


<m'i^ 


y  E  R  S  &  S   on  the  Prospect  of  planting  AnTff 
and  Learning  in  America. 

IVritten  upwards  of  fifty   yeara  fince,  by  the  celebrated  Divimb  and 
,  Philosopher,  Dr.  Berkeley,  Blfhop  of  Clone,  in  IrtlanA^ 

jnpHE  mufe,  difgufted  at  an  age  and  climef 
^      Barren  of  every  glorious  theme. 
In  diftant    lands  no«r   waits  a  better  time^ 
Producing  fubjefti  worthy  fame  :  , 

In  h^ppy  climes,  where  from  the  genial  fun 
And  virgin  earth  fuch  fcenes  enfue,  ^      '-  Vrj 

The  force  of  arf  by  nature  feems  outdone. 
And  fancied  beauties  by  the  true  j 

In  happir  climes,  the  feat  of  innocence,  ' 

Where  Nature  gui'des  and  ViRxifE   rules. 

Where  men  fnall  not  inn. «K)fe  foj*  tf^^  j„jj  f^nfe,-       •  i 
The  pedantry  of  courts  and   fchools  i 


I 


■M: 


There  fhall  be  Apg  another  golden  age. 
The  rife  of  empire  and  of   arts  j 

The  good  and   great  infpinng  epic   rago^ 
the  wifeft  heads  and  nobleft  hearts  ! 

Not  fuch  as  Europe  breeds  in  het  deca/j— 
Such   as  flie  bred  when  frefh   and  young. 

When  heavenly  flame  did  animate  h«r  clay> 
By  ftiture  poets  fhall  be  fung. 

Westward  the  ftar  of  Empire  takeg  iti  way  | 

The  four  fira  afts  already  pafJ, 
A  fifth  (hall  clofe  the  Drama  with  the  day  i^^ 

Ti«c'»  Boblcft  offspring  is  the  laftr 


■' » 


^ 
t^'.' 


T' 


IN  the 
even 
iand  rail 
[natural 
nationa 

Some 

le,  the 

j^t often  do 

duces  fc 

The 

It  ideas  on 

(|iom  ou 

^times  pe 

fn  difco' 

only  fro 

;|n  readii 

fuch  ma 

local  pi( 

■fi  ^  Tmey 

Ition  on  a 

cribe  the 

|y  find  a 

works  ol 

plendor 

ut  the 

\'lhemfclv 

his  coui 

Mo  SI 
Britiih  e 
rally  tak 
|)eyond  i 
ations, 
oi-manc( 

arious  c 

ith  the 

then  coio 

Ifhofe  ge 

them  COT 

lely  fo 

reat.Bi 


i    V:^ 


;  *;^4''^:M'** 


^^ 


Mr 


g  Ami 


iviNBaAd 


<•> 


4 


^^ 


^^ 


^t 


INTRODUCTION. 


IN  the  followingLetteri  the  reader  will  not  meet  with  a  dry  relation  of 
events  merely  military.    The  Author,  avoiding  the  naked  brevity 
[and  minute  precifion  of  a  camp  Journal,  occ:)rionally  adverts  to  tho 
[natural  hiftory,  and  politics  of  Ari^etica,  as  well  a»  to  the  religion, 
national  ohara^Ur  and  culloms  of  the  inhabitants. 

• ;  Some  pains  have  been  taken,  in  this  tranflation,  to  retain^  if  poflli- 
pble,  the  ftyle  and  philofophical  mannor  of  the  French  original,  wliicii 
.often  deviates  from  the  cqmmon  |ine  oi  pimple  narration,  isml  ititro- 
;'  duces  fentiment  as  well  as  defer iption. 

The  Author  appears  to  be  a  Philofopher,  and  though  many  of  hie 

>  ideas  on  religion,  politics,  genius  i;t' the  people,  8cc.  may  be  diHonant 

;^jFiom  our  mode  of  thinking  on  ihefe  points,  in  America,  and  fomr . 

jiimes  perhaps  really  ill  founded,  yet  there  is  certainly  more  fatijfaftioa 

jn  difcovering   what  opinion  a  foreigner  entei  fains  of  ps,   although 

only  from  acafual  acquaintance,  a  tranfieht  viiit  to  the  ccjuntiy,  than 

■'■{j^a  reading  the  beft  accounts  and  narratives  of  cur  own,  wiiichi  iu 

l^fuch  matters,  may  be  fufpetted  of  being  top  ready  to  bunjoui  our 

|!|ocal  prei'idices,  or  ilalter  our  vanity.  

■  y  '  ■  .       .     \--:&':-'^  '^' 

V  The  V.  who  would  faunter  over  half  the  Globe  to  copy  tlw  infcrip. 
ition  on  an  antique  column, to  meafure  the  altitude  of  a  pyramid,  or  df(- 
|cribc  the  ornaments  on  the  Grand  Seignior}*  State  Turban,  wili  icarce- 
||y  find  any  thing  in  Atnerican  Travels  to  gratify  thtir  tafte.  1  lie 
:  works  of  art  are  here  comparatively  trivial  and  inconlidcrable,  the 
plendor  of  pageantry  rather  ohfcure,  and  confequcntly  few  or  none 
lut  the  admirers  of  fimple  Nature  can  either  travel  with  pleafure 
hemfelves,  or  read  the  travels  of  others  with  fatisfaflion,  through 
|his  country.  « 

V  Most  of  thofe  accounts  of  North- America,given  to  the  public  by 
;^riti(h  explorators  and  others,  previous  to  the  Revolution,  arc  gene- 
jrally  taken  up,  with  the  recital  of  wonderful  adventures  in  the  woods 
%eyond  the  Lakes,  or  with  the  Hiftories  and  records  of  the  wild  Indian 
lations,  fo  that  by  the  time  the  reader  gets  through  one  of  thufib  per- 
ormances,  he  never  fails  to  be  better  acquainted  with  the  Ottagtmiies, 
Ikerohes,  Miamcts^  Nadou'iuejfiam,  and  a  hundred  others,  with  their 
ariouscuftomsof  faw  ^vawing,  or  methods  of  making  'wampum,  xhin 
nth  the  moft  interelting  particulars  lelative  to  xht  inhabitants  oi  tht 
>**«  colonies  }  //>?/?  wei e  but  rarely  thought  worthy  mentioning  by 
^hofe  gentlemen,  and  when  they  are,  it  is  mortifying  enough  to  fee 
them  conltantiy  cdnfidered  rather  as  meie  beaft!>  of  burdenr^al^lated 
"*  lely  for  the  fupport  of  the  grandeur,  wealth  and  omnipotence  of 
reat  .Bi irain,  thctn  as  men  and  Free-Men.  '' 

Vv9,  **rench  Author  is  more  liberal — two  years  befofe  the  prcfent 
i^  he  confidered  the  UnitiU  States  ;js  a  great  independent  n,ation, 
jiciug  with  haity  ftrides  to  th«  lummi:  of  power  and  favereignty,' 
'  ,  ...  '  CONCISB.  ■■■ 


f    .':^i 


■  s 


U     : 


INTRODUCTION. 

CoNCisr,  yet  curious  accounts  of  two  oftlie  greateft'cventi  that 
h:\\'t  hi.ppencd  in  this  or  any  other  age,  will  be  found  in  the  following 
p  rForn^atKir }  ihtfe  c:innot  fail  ot  attrafting  fome  (hare  of  the  reader's 
atttn  i<  n,  not  only  br cauff;  they  were  the  vifible  means  of  accelerating 
an  inviejii-iulcnce,  »*  li'n  \\,  at -ordiiig  to  probability,  and  in  the  natural 
c.Tuile  of  tiunirm  ^ti'.iirs,  '*.t=  tlie  taik  of  another  century,  but  alfo 
bccanl'e  lUe  MjitofoplitTS  both  of  America  and  of  Europe,  in  confe- 
quence  of  th«  paciticition  thereby  clf;;i.':>'?d,  h:ive  their  ideas  upon  the 
ftr  tjli.caitCullv  Antlc'.vi.'.iiag  the  coratnerciHl,  and  political  advantages 
cr  diladv^ntageij  refuiung  from  this  very  extraordinary  Revolution. 

'     :  ^  Tmi    TK  A  MSL  ATOR. 


V    T 


■l^r. 


.  V-i, 


-f^m 


'B 


I 


:^- 


r, 


t 


t  *  H  :3   '^'   vt   o  0 


'.ft.Sir'V.;.: 

'*- ; '  ^ ' 

-'H.  .'n 

.       V 

1           ' 

CON  TENT  S. 


L  F.  r  T  E  R  r.     7"/v  Author^ s  Voyny^e  from  Trance  to  Amertca,—Af-  L  • 

';  .riihii  lit  I'jo'ior,, — Bcjlon  and  its   Hnrhow. — AlanihTS  and  cujloms   of 

the  hihah'iii^nts — of  the  ^ukcrsy  and  nmiirhs  upon  their  mode  offwnr- 

J?.'lj). —  A)n,:rkan  Ladies. — Cnyiimcrce  of  Bojlon. — CcUcges  aiCcmhridge. 

— AitiericiAii  prijtidiccs  aga'rij:  the  French   vat  ion. — Arriial  of  Count 

Kochaml/eiiu  and  the  French  Anny  at  Newport  in  Rhode- IJland. 

[II,  K,  T  T  E  R  ir.  7 he  author  joins  the  Frmcb  r.nny  at  Pronndencc.-^ 
Drfriptir.v  of  Proindence. — Roger  Willlanis^  its  founder. — Fatigues  of  ~ 
a  miiiiary  lifc—Retvarks  on  the  drefs^  ffhicns  and  food  of  ike  Amcri- 
cnns. — Ignorance  of  the  people  of  Connet-iiiiit  in  pnhit  of  >'-  ('  '^J  hrcad, 
— Their  temper,  peniHiiriti's  and  rharnftcr. — The  foil  and  f  re  df  the 
rvivtry. — Hartford — the  for f Is  and  feixral  kinds  of  trees. — State  of . 
Xe-w-Tori. — Hudfon'j  ri-ver.'—De'va/iations  occafioncd  by  the  luar. 

'«0 


F.  T  T  E  R  III.  yunSion  of  the  French  and  American  amies  at 
Philipjbitrg. — lV'fl-P-ji::t. — Expedition  of  a  party  ofEnglifh  toTarry- 
Toivn. — Jiravery  cf  thirteen  French  Soldiers. — A  dctachinent  ofFrench 
and  Apiericans  riuirch  to  reconnoitre  the  '^.vorks  at  Neiv-York, — Gene' 
ml  I'Vafhington. — Reinarls  upon  the  A>7icriran  ar^ny, — Their  nzilitary. 
drefSf  and  manner  of  living.'— Di/cif^li/ie. — Uncertainty  of  the  obje^  of 
the  campaign. — Various  opinions. — Impro'.alrl'ty  cfficceeding  in  an: 
fdta^k  upon  i^'e-zu-Torl: — Marquis  de  la  Fayette,  and  his  army  in  Vir^ 
ginia,-~-A  march  to  the  Sculhward  ^lot  unlihily,  ay 

LETTER 


'4  ^  •• 


*>^ 
;-,i-^-:- 


CONTENTS. 

,  E  T  T  E  R  IV.  KciV'Tork  Menaced  hy  th  aUie4  army  on  the  Jidf 
of  fCi'if^'j-Antn^i;  itnrl  Slatcv-IJland. — "The po/fcffion  of  this  ijlofui  ahfo- 
iuti-iy  neccfjaryy  before  aity  attempt  can  be  made  upon  Long-Iflund  or 
Kt.  at-  York,— Ant  our  of  the  troops  for  attion.  Puge  j  j 


If 


;i 


Tv"'  ;u  of  KcW'^erfy . 


■rr.jier  ofthv  piOpU'.—  the  army   nrrives 


fit 

36 


M' 


J,  E  T  T  E  R^  vr.     Trnitofj,—Th  heimty  of  iisftiwtivi.—Rn'.'r  De 

Lvivare,, — Tie  co.ptwc  if  tie  llefjians.)  in  l-^iS. 


■Ji'^ 


N 


H 


.     I 


I 


|.  ETTER   Vrr.     rhi'?,ynr.h  arrnv  rrnch  Philfid!:M>hi.—E)icMvp 

on  n  pliiln  rci-rjje  Sr:::()ik':!!, — /JcTVi'TC  of  the  n^j^i'Ht  of  Sj-Jjunnan. 
— /v'vi'  in'.-llii^:rr^.'  of  the  urrinyel  of  the  Count  dr  Orcfje  i/i  the  LhrjU' 
pLn.k:\ — C!  xries  Ti't'V ^fr,^.-~'T}^fcnpti:^n  of  ^hihuicblin.—r The  fcirrijl 
rei' -ynytfr-fs  thcrc^cntbwnt'al  Congrefs. — Statc-llouft. — 'Phtlofophi- 
eal  SocLly.  *  j9 

I.  E  T  T  E  R  Virr.     7 he  army  nrnves  at  the  head  ofElk.^Emharka' 

i'fjn  '}f f.ii'^n'1  r-^hf/cnfs  rf  that  place,'— The  main  hod;;  proceed  on,— 
Saltlra^jr.-  d^in'rhd, — Oflh'  Acadlnnsy  or  French  Hnitrcl^^  fettled 
shirr. — Their  ni'i:lfirrSi  re'}^^>o^o  dfipHnei  i^'c, — The  unfilled  Jlate  of 
the  cfjurihes  in  Maryland  end  FhyJrAa.  .  43 

I.  K  T  T  K  R  IX.  The  fo??-'/.v//  <  r>;'.Vf  ewhark  at  Annapolis  frYor  k 
vi  Fir^ptUi. — Dif,:reiiCiOfthcmaimeria}idciiJlomsy  in  the  Norther  it 
and  Southern  ShUa..  45 


^*5 


•    V, 

I 

4 


1 


LETTER  aT.  Arrhml  of  the  troops  at  James-Toiun.—Williamf'- 
hur:\ — Jts  Safe-Hoyf — CoIIef^e,  Lthrr.r^;,  crid  Profel/brj, — Clirnate  of 
V^r^nya—Tacacco — Comm.rce — Populctlon — Cordiiion  of  the flaiies— 
Riz'crs  of  the  country — iro'i  and  pJonts, —  A  ciiruvs  Jpecies  of  the  Cat- 
fiiy:flar,'—Dai7y"c-ts  cffi-dsfrom  tbcfiir.^  of  a  'cpukr.-' Petri  factions 
toinmoti  in  Virgini.u  46 


* ',  >:••' 


1  F  T  T  E  R  Xr,  Th.'  cornhlned  forces  march  from  WilV'amfburg.-" 
T'irJi  !.h<-j.-}'sd, —  Farious  prepe:r,:;i>jry  operotir^m  of  the  irrny, — Batte- 
ries Q-jCKcd  •ipG.i  th-'  to:ivr!.-~-T/:e  C>',-!ron  hiort. —  Dijlrelfid  ftttation 
fyfLord  C(irnr.<_a!!is,-—TurhoTi\'!  expedition.— -Rfuifd  by  the  Duke  de 
LciUZ'iK,  R:-"eflhins  npoufe^i^.s  and hutile'^-'-A paj'iyof  the  hefteged 
ftir'v'f,'.  a  Tr  ^n:.b  hattiT}, — Lord  Corn-jjalUs  cKdeavours  io  if -ape  in 
theTin-^bt  to  Oloi(cefi:.^r.-"Preventedhy  hadlV.ather,-"SenJs  out  a  fag. 
-'-{.if/l'rf  to  caf.tu!::t:---The  i^rtldes  f fur  re  ?idf-:r.-'  ~  Mutual  haired  be- 
InuixitOe  ibn'/rfo  or.d  A'l'irlcans. — Defrud'roit  of  ih-';  tcivn  of  Tork 
from  ibe  ciin/io.iading,'—The,  troops  go  into  vjinter  qiiariers.  50 


I 


LETTER, 


■'-^'f- 


h:-' 


on  the  J!dt 
ijlmiti  ahfd- 
^'tjltind  or 

^orth-CaJile. 
be  Refugees, 
ind  thnnt- 
,  ut  NciV' 
y. — Cericnil 
arrives  at 

RiiK'r  De' 
'■  38 

. — F.nciimp 
Sjijjhnitals. 
thi'  Lhrfii- 
Vhc  fcvmjl 
'PhUof'jj)//t- 

39 


C   O   N    t    E    N    t    s; 

;  I.  E  T  T  E  R  XI T.  Charc(Slcr  of  Gen.  Bi'rtrovff^.—A'roiiiUKif/.is  un  • 
forttwnte  ex/fetlition  in  iTj-j.—Afaijnatiimitji  of  Sir  Gtiv  Ciirit  I  ■>•.-••' 
A  confiderablc  hijtly  (fludinns  jf'iu  Jiiir>:;cyne."-Hc  .nukis  ii  /^  t  .'>  1r 
thern,'-'TicotuUrog(t  ohandoued  by  the  Ainericar}i,-"Thi-  fm  nriif  uf 
General  Burgoyne  and  his  army  aC  Sdratoga."'  A  coinpui ijbii  hi'iLii.xt 
General  Jiurgoyne and  Lord  ConiMullis,  .,     s  S9 

VX  E  T  T  E  R  Xin.  Advantages  arifng  to  America^fram  the  c^p' 
ture  of  Lord  Conhwallis.—Tbi  future  importance  of  th'tt  country,—' 
Her  kiirioui  local  advantages  over  ruro/a: — Poliiical  Knipirir/s  art- 
fingfromtheahoit/hmentofthefiudnlfylJ^mof  tanvs  it:  Ainerica.-" 
The  free  and  independent  /jtuatinn  of  the  American  piq/iiuiry.  Nati- 
onal charnl'ler  of  the  feo^de  in  America,  not  yd  arrivrd  to  m'tturity.— 
Their  natural  tngcnuily  and  inventi've  turn. "-The  poUtlcal  (oiuli'tl  if 
the  UngHfj  Miniflry,  nfprdttig  America,  prefions  lo  ti-i.'  hra/.irig  oat 
cfthe  <ivar.'— Proceedings  of  th''  f.rfl  Aaurican  Cohgrcfs.-^Ccncriii 
Cage  and  tlje  Boj/onport  bill.--- The  American  alliance 'iL'iihPninr':-" 
He^ebhws  arifing  therefrom. — A  longpCiXce  in  A.uvricu  ifirtL-  rorr, 
'--]\tligioii  nuiil proht'.hly  he  the  firjl  caufe  of  difrntiun  in  the  Ihft'i 
•  States.— A  unity  offiiih  and  wurfuip,  niofi  likely  to  render  rnunki  it 
happy  in  every  part  of  the  (world.  ;>f 


APPENDIX, 


^is  for  York 
Northern, 

45 

miliamf 
Climate  of 
c  /laves-— 
f  the  Cat- 
'rifaciions 
46 

ijhurg.— 

—Bntte- 

fit  lation 

'  Duke  de 

hejieged 

fcapc  in 

lit  a  fag. 

aired  hi'- 

of  Torik 

JO 


APPENDIX. 

CONTAINING. 

F* •       General  Wafhington^ s  Letter  to  Count  de  Crajfe. 
!  n.      Lord  Curnwa/lis's  Letter  to  Sir  Hcmy  Clinton. 
Ill*    Character  of  his  Excellmey  John  Adams. 


\T^:- 

,^« 

■mw 


'f...- 
-^ 


'■    ^^-     ...% 


'*^- 


I 


If 


trri 

of  I 
,Arn 


*i 


Y\  '<^-k 


H' 


m 


Hi 

^hty 

the 

>int( 

kdth 


,Xi' 


lofi  I 


EW  TRAVELS 


THROOGR 


#  # 


ORTH-AMERiCA. 


iTT5R    1»    .  T&f  4titi9r' J  P^eyage.  from  France  f$   Ammea'^. 

Irrmal  at  BoJIom^BofitH  and  iit  Harbour  ,r-rManntrt  and  iujioms 
§ftbt  inbabUtttitS'-~of  ibt  fakirs ^   and  retnurkt  ufmn  tktir  mode- 

of   nuor/bip.»-4f»fUim  Ladfes.--Ccmmeree  of  Bo^M.'^ColUges  at. 

Cambridge, •^Atntricali  prrjudicet  again/  the  French  Natkn,-^ 
^Arrived  ^  Count  Rocbambeau  and  tbe  French  Artiy  at  Newpatip 

in  Mgde-ljlani, 

BbsTOKi  7^«/  24/^1  17SX* 

H  A  ViD  at  lengthf  tuy  riear  friend,   aceompjifhed  my.  loh^p 
'Voyage  over  the  vaft  Atlantic.      For  the  fpace  .of  no  lefs  than- 
^hty  five  days  we  were  tolTed  about  in  our  floating  habitation,  but 
the  worft  or  our  danger,  and  when  we  weke  feemingly  upon  the.' 
>intof  bein^  overturned  by  the  fury  of  the  «riD<^s  stSd    waves,  I 
id  the  fatisfaAion  to  find'that'our  Ikip  cunltantly  rimmed  to  hel* 
riginal    (fofition  by  that    univerfal   ai)  pervading  prTncipIe,'   thv 
(nrral  attraflioti  of  gravity.'   How  many  efFort«,  how  much  time, 
jroft  it  have,  taken  to  have  perfefted'  tljeft  hu^e    ^rtd  ^ttwid^f* 
lachiner,  by  the  aid  of  which  men'are  enaWed  to  defpife  the  ofr^dft*. 
iry  and  moft  violent  Agitations  of  th«  wav(^4    Cike  m^*  BokJ^- 
ley  Mu-b  the  impetuofity  pf  the  winds,  or  by  .the  power  of  reaftipil  - 
»rcetaefBi^to  contributis  to  the  progrefs  of  the  voyage,   in  almoft 
>ppofite  directions.  ^         . 

tBilt    alasl    this  noble  art  has  not  yet  beep  able  to  fecure  t^^ 
>yagtr  from  that  diCigreeable  malady  called  ftafick?i*fi^   oco'a^o^; 
3  byq^e  motion  of  the  Teflel.    I  believe  I  hav«  fulf^red  as  fldu^ 
FrojAthis  naufeout complaint a»  any  perfon  tbatcverwenrto  fea, 
loi  aotwitiiftaadiiig  the  frequent  ttfe  of  acld«i  it  fpr  Alp^g  time 

'P  lUfcwiljr 


to 


NEW        TRAVELS 


ill 


i\i 


wholly  prevented  me  from  attending  to  any  kind  of  bufineft,  M 
payings  particuUr  attention  to  the  many  objeiU  that  furroiinded 
me.  Languifliing  with  weakneft,  and  confined  to  the  narrow 
bound*  of  this  floating  prifon,  hparing  nothing  from  morning  till 
sight  hut  the  barbarous  phrafes  peculiar  to  the  fea  dnd  failor*,  I 
tf  as  in  no  condition  to  obierve  or  refle£i  upon  the  awful  beautiei 
cf  the  ocean,  or  the  grandeur  of  the  fcene  around  me.  With  per* 
fefl  indiffierence  I  beheld  it  toffing,  boiling  and  foaming  j  fwelling 
iato  mountaiDt,  or  jumbled  into  <*  chaos  of  confufion  ;  its  Tspour 
exhaling  into  the  air,  or  forming  artificial  rainbows  about  our  velTet, 
while  it  at  the  fame  time  menaced  us  with  deftruflion.  With  littlt 
or  no  emotion,  I  faw  it  abate  of  its  rage,  gr«|9  fmooth,  extend  the 
limits  of  the  horizon,  and  prefently  refemble  an  immenft  mafi 
cf  oil,  ftill  however  retaining  its  undulation^  But  it  was  diflRcult 
for  me  to  withhold  my  attention  from  ihofe  fcintillations  of 
light,  which  the  moft  inconftderable  motion  in  the  water  ftruck 
out  of  obfcurity  {  they  were  particularly  rematkable  when  a  frefli 
gale  drove  the  vefTel  through  the  <^ater  with  an  encreafed  mpidity  | 
ihe  then  feemed  to  plunge  into  torrents  of  flaming  phofphorui,  ;1 
iind  to  be  making  a  tiemendous  progrefs  through  plains  of  liquid  ^ 
^rc.  I  revolved  in  my  own  mind,  what  could  be  the  caufe  of  this  I 
fingular,  though  common  appearance,  which  I  believe  has  never 
teecn  thoroughly  inveftigated  i  Are  they  atoms  of  fait,  which,  | 
from  their  (ever&l  Airfaces,  refle£V  the  rays  of  light )  Or  is  it  their  1,^ 
colUiion  with  the  (ulphufous  particles,  that  kindles  them  into^*^ 
flame,  or  are  they  rather  the  igneous  fluid,  the  radical , fire  that  isj^j 
fuppofed  to  he  the  firft  cauie  of  fluidity  in  the  other  elements  ? 

We  fleered  a  fouthetly  courfe  till  we  came  to  the  30th  degree  of 
North  Latitude.    The  fea  in  this  climate  appeared  to  me  to  have 
more  of  a  greenifh  caft  than  befor«,  and  to  abound  throughout 
tvitli  this  Are,  refembling  phofphorus ;    we  there  faw   thf  codflfli, 
the  voracious  dolphin,    and   the  flying  fi{h,    which  to  efcape  the 
former,  flies  uut  of  the  #atcr,  but  falls  down  again  as  Toon  as  the  air 
has  dried  the  nioiflure  on  its  wings-     t  did  not  know  the  galley  fifli, 
though  common  enough  on  our  cvafts  ;  but  the  failors  caught  one, 
which  I  examined  v^ith  the  moft  icrupulous  attention.    Nature  bai 
given  it  a  bladder,    vhicb  buoys  it  up  and  ferves  as  a  ludder  to 
dirsft  its  courfe  j     its  whole  contexure  is  nothing   more  than  i 
Himv  ma(s»  the  organifation  of  which  I  had  not  time  thoroughly 
to  cooflder  ;  it  is  provided  with  long  flbres  encircled  with  ringfi 
which  ferve  to  give  it  a  hold  in  the  water,  fo  as  not  to  be  driven 
«wiy  by  the  voilcnce  of  the  wind  j  and  through  thefe  fibres  they 
alfo  fuc'c  up  the  food  that  fervu  for  their  fubflflence.    I  touched  .^ 
this    animal    with    my   finger,    and  immediately  had  the   painfull^ 
fenfitioi  of  a  burn,  and  forty-eight  hours  afterwards  I  ftill  felt  thc| 
eflt;<;>s  of  this  penetrating  cauttic.  ^ 

In  fine  we.-ther,  I  uled  to  take  great  plcafure,  at  nj|;Kt,  in  con- 
templating the  grand  profpeft  of  the  ftarry  firmamicnt  over  our 
b«"ad8 }  bnt  the  wonted  order  and  regularity  of  the  Heavens  wai 
wholly  altered  ;  the  ecliptic  circle  had  withdrawn  itfelf  a  grea|  dif< 
taiice  from  ihe  Horizon,  the  pok-lfar  had  approached  very  near  there. 
to,  and  ihi  great  Sear  was  about  retting  and  coacealiog  himfelf  ei 


11^: 


t. 


.-.■H 


THitov  OH      AMERICA;        ii 


ely  from  our  view  t  what  furprifed  me  mod,  wai,  t^at  the  mWkf 
jfay  had  difappeared,  although  1  filainly  perceived  the  c»nilellatioa 
|r  the  Stvan,  which  is  known  to  have  its  place  in  the  midil  of  it— 
;couId  wifli  the  philofophers  would  explain  this  allronomical  myf* 
pry,  thofe  efpecialiy  who  argue  that  the  Galaxy  is  nothing  more  than 
immenfe  collection  ot  liars  {  for  why  (hould  thefe  (lars  difappear, 
irn  ?*i  the  reft  ot  the  lieavtnly  bodies  are  vifible  here  as  v»eU  &> 
other  places  ?«~~ I  now  no  longer  wondered  at  the  idea  of  the 
icientf  about  the  riling  and  ftttiiig  of  the  fun  in  the  ocean  : 
[Being  often  forced  for  the  iake  of  frefli  air  to  be  upon  deck  at  the 
me  ot  his  appearing  or  difappearing,  I  obferved  him  fumetimes  ds- 
kching  hirnlelf  flowly  from  the  line  that  bounded  the  Ikies  and  wa- 
brs,  and  at  other  times,  falling  peipendicularly  into  the  midtt  of  the 
(aves  ;  the  eye,  with  a  momentary  deception,  perfuading  itlelf  thai 
le  Horizon  was  pbrnging  after  the  great  luminary.—— 
The  fea,  you  well  know,  has  plants  and  herbage  (peculiar  to  itfeH{ 
is  remarkable  that  Nature  has  formed  them  ronhderably  difieicnC 
rom  land  vegetables  in  colour,  fliape  and  prcperti  s  ;  and  if  of  a  left 
elicate  ifrtiflure,  it  was  daubtlefs.ordered  fo  becaufe  ftit  did  not  in> 
;nd  this  element  to  produce  animals  as  precious  and  fo  exquifiteljr 
brought  as  the  other.  The  marine  plants,  however,  are  not  with*' 
jt  evident  traces  of  the  wife  hand  that  formed  them  }  1  often  ivtif 
Ihe  fea  covered  with  thefe  faime  herbs  for  a  great  fpace,  and  in  exji- 
Inining  them,  remarked,  among  other  things,  that  inftead  of  fibrott* 
roots,  they  had  parts  fcmewhat  like  hands  to  attach  themfrlves  to 
the  rocks,  a  (tem  flatted  a:  the  end,  and  thick  leaves,  the  betttr  to  re* 
|jGrt  the  (hock  of  tl)e  waveis  j  and  ali  provided  at  fmall  intervals  with 
cells  nearly  empty  of  air,  which  by  this  means  count erpoii'ed  theif 
fpecific  weight,  and  forced  them  to  tend  conftantly  ii)  a  perpendicu- 
lar direction  toward  the  iurtace  of  tlie  water. 

I  cannot  give  you  a  competent  idea  ot  the  agreeable  emotions  I 
Ixperlenced  at  the  fight  of  land,  which  at  fiift  appealed  like  a  thin 
Wft  at  tMt  very  extremity  of  the  Horizon.     What  moment  of  Hfe 
p  comparable  to  that  when  a  man  is  upon  the  point  of  re-enjoying 
kis  health,  coming  within  reach  of  objfcls  which  interefl  the  mind, 
Ihe  heart  and  the  frnfes,  and  finding,  inilead  of  a  late  chaos  and  the 
rhaftly  image  of  deftruffion,  a  world  of  nature  every  where  organized 
fnto  the  molt  elegant  fymmetry  and  perfeflion — to  walk  upon  the 
WrafTy  plain,  to  breathe  »he  perfume  of  a  thoufand  Hewers,  to  enjoy 
the  (hade  of  the  trees,  to  lirten  to  the  harmony  of  the  Vmdsof  the 
ferove,  and  to  fee  them  foar  aloft  anrf  poi'e  themfelves  in  the  ?ri  i 
F     It  is  abfence  fiom  thefe  enjoyments  that  makes  their  vahtt  the 
bettei*  known,  and  that  fwells  the  foul  with  gratitude  to  the  Ueingt*;* 
Creator  of  all,  when  we  are  reftored  to  tliem.     A  leafy  bi^nch  Rwat- 
ing  on  the  furface  of  the  water  made  my  heart  leap  with  joy,  as  thla. 
wa«  thetoken  of  a  new  world  ready  to  appear.    We  had  tl«wJ|pii(ubled 
Cape  Ann,  and  were  at  the  moi-th  of  the  gi est  Bay  oFM»flVchwir|is»» 
could  plainly  perceive  the  waves  breaking  upon  the  focfclAtCa^e-  ' 
God,  and  in  a  few  hours  might  have  been  at  Uofton,  hadncV«*i^iSgfc 
fog  fuddenly  furrounded  us,  and  left  us  at  a  lo»>wh[<g^  *^*'yi»ft^?»«:, 
bemg^in  the  midft  of  fho.Us  and  ledges  :  in  this  unceM^wj^iJSj^ft 
imchOF,  but  foon  after,af!rong  contrary  wind  drove  «*^|3^S»jbtjlt|fc;  . 
gioirs,  broke  the  cables,  nearly  forced  feveral  i  f  our  lhjj^SF6|,»^J^ 
•M»tr»  and  threatened  ua  with  incvitabU  fhipwiccji  ift^iJieiiR  *¥Ty' 
fiatftfereus  JLatitudeu  ^j^ 


^.  ' 


no. 


I 


It 


H  1 


• 


}k 


iVll 

'f  I 


tt  NEW      TRAVELS 

j  1  '        ■  .     ■.  ■  ■ 

^he  greater  part  of  the  Te0eli  pat  before  the  wind  and  ftecriji 
from  the  land,  defpairing  of  gaining  this  much  defir^d  port,  hut  afv 
^er  two  days  ofuncertainty  and  danger,  a  happy  change  of  wind  and 
jweather  brought  us  late  into  the  hgrbuur  of  Jjofton^ .  From  thiaroadj^ 
vhich  is  interjprrfed  with  feveral  agreeable  little  Iflands,  we  difco- 
yercii  tlirough  th<;  woods,  on  the  fide  toward  the  Wi^ft,  a  magnificent 
prorpeiVf^^houfes.  built  on  a  curved  li|ie^  and  extending  afterwards 
in  a  fennicircle  above  half  a  Icaguc.—This  was  Bofton.  Thefe  ediftr 
ces  which  were  iotry  and  regular,  with  fpires  and  cupolas  intermixC 
at  proper  dlftances,  did  nor  fcem  to  as  a  modern  fettjemcfnt  fo  much 
^s  an  ancient  city,  enjoying  all  the  embelliihments  and  population^ 
tliat  never  fail  to  attend  on  coijiinerce  and  the  arts. 
',  The  inlide  of  the  town  does  not  at  all  kHen  the  idea  that  is  formed 
by  an  exterior  profprfl  t  a  iuperb  whaif  has  bcj^n  ,<;arried  out  abovQ 
^wb  thoufand  feet  into  the  fe*,  and  js  broad  enough  fpr  ftpres  an4 
woik<fh»ps  .through  the  whole  of  rtsektent ;  itcomnQMnicates  at  right 
angles  with  the  piincipal  ftreet  of  the, town,  which  is  bqth  large  and 
fpacioiis,  and  bendsi  in  a  curve  parallel  to  ihe  harbour  ;  this  Itreet  iQ 
9ruainenfieil  with  elegaqt  buildings^  for  the  mott  part  two  or  thre# 
(lories  high,  aad  many  other  ftreets  terminate  in  this,  communicate 
^ng  with  it  on.euch  fide.  The  form  and,  conllru£lion  of  the  houfiis 
yfouid  furprife  an  knropeaneye  j  they  arr  buik  of  brick,  and  wood^ 
net  in  the  clumfy  and  meiaiucholy  tatte  ot  our  ancient  European  towniji 
Ibv^  regularly  and  well.provided  with  windows  and  doors.  ^  The  woo* 
^en  w'jrk  or  fiame  is  light,  cohered  on  the  o^tfide  with  thin  boards^ 
wt;li  plained,  and  lapped  over  each  other  as  vve  |do  tjles  on  bur  roofa. 
in  France  ;  t!  eie  buildings  are  generally  painted  with  a  pale  white 
colou),  which  renders  the  profpe^}  muctimore  pleailng  than  it  would 
^tlierwile  be  ;  the  roofs  are  fet  o^  with  balconies,  doubtieis  for  the. 
^ore  re  tdy  extino;uiniing  of  fire  f  the  whole  is  fupported  by  a  wall 
of  about  ifit  loot  high  J  it  is  ealy  to  fee  how  great  an  advantage  thefq; 
boafes  ha^e  over  ours,  in  point  of  neatnefs  and  ialubrity.  • 
,  All  the  parts  of  thefe  buildings  are  fo  well  {oinedf  and  the#  weight 
is  fo  equ:iliy  divided,  and  proportionate  tothetr  bulk,  that  they  may 
be  removed  from  place  to  piace  with  little  difficulry. —-I  have  leei) 
one  of  two  lluri^s  high  removed  above  a  quarter  bfa  mile,^if  not  more^ 
ijrom  its  original  Titration,  and  the  whoU  Frenf  h  army  have  icen  the 
iaine,  filing  done  at  Newport.  What  they  tell  us  of  the  travelling 
habira;ions  of  the  Scythians,  is  (ar  lefs  wonderful.  Their  Ifoufehoicl 
turnit^Bi  e  is  funple,  bur  made  of  choice  wood,  after  the  Englilh  failiionr 
vhich  renders  its  appearance  lefs  gay  ;  their  floors  are  covered 
with  handfome  carpets,  or  painted  cloths,  byt  otJiers  Iprinkle  thenr 
with  fine  fand.  "      .    '  -  ■ 

This  city  is  fuppofed  to  contaiij  about  fix  thoufand  houfes,  and 
thirty  tho'.ifand  inh-abitants  ;  there  are  nineteen  churches  for  the  fe^ 
veral  fe6ts  here,  all  of  them  convenient^  and  feveral  fijiifhed  withtafte 
and  elegance,  f  peciidly  thofe  of  the  Prefbyterians  and  the  Church  of 
l^ngland  i  their  form  is  generally  a  long  li^iyare,  ornamented  with  a* 
puipit,  and  fui  niijicd  wHft  pe^sof  a  fimilar  fabrication  throughout.. 
The  poor  a&  well  a^  the  rich  hear  the  word  of  .God  in  thefe  placet 
in  a  covenient  and  deccntpofture  of  body. 

Sunday  is  obfcrved  »i»h  the  utmolt  itriftnefs  ;  all  bufinefi,  hoif 
importaiir'foever,  if  then  totally  at  a  ftand,  and  th^  mott  innocent 
xccreatigns  and  ple<iiuica  ^robibiudt    S^itojD^  tliat  populous  toMra« 

whor«  , 


mhti 


TRitQUGH    -A  M  E  R  I  !£  A« 


fi 


fteert4 

t,  but  alft 
wind  and 
ihij  road^ 
we  difco- 
ignificent 
fterwardf 
lefe  ediii': 
intermixC 
fo  much 
>puIation, 

* 

ii  formed 
>ut  abuv9 
tores  and 
cs  at  right 
large  and 
iS  Itreet  IQ 
>  or  thref 
municat-t 
he  houies 
nd  wood^ 
an  townc, 
Fhe  woo* 
n  boardst 
our  rooft 
ale  white 
n  it  would 
&  for  the 
by  a  wall 
tage  thefe. 

ifr  weight 
they  may 
have  Icea 
not  more,: 
e  leen  the 
travelling 
loufehold 
h  failiionv 
covered 
ikle  themr 

ufes,  and 
or  the  fe* 
with  tafte 
Jhurch  of 
ed  with  «> 
oughout.. 
sfe  placet 


where  at  other  timea there ^  fuch  a  hxxtty,  of  bufineft,  Uoq  thia  dqr 
a  mere  deferf;  yon   ^\y  walk  the  ftreeta  withput  meetiog  a  Hngleper** 
foR,  or  if  by  cii       -.  you  meet  one,  you  fcartely  dare  to  ttop  aa<^ 
talk  with  htiq.    A  frenchman  that  Ipdged  with  me  took  it  into  Ms 
head  to  play  on  the  5utc  on  Sundays  for  his  aniufement ;  the  pcopj* 
^tapon  hearing^it  were  greatly  enraged>  collected  in  crowds  round  the 
'houfe  and  would  have  carried  mattera  ^o  extremity  in  a  (hort  x'xttA 
iiprith  themufictan,  had  not  the  landlord  given  him  'warning  of  hi* 
ianger,  and'  forced  him  %p  defift.    Upon  this  day  of  melancholy  yoii 
annot  go  into  a  hopfe  but  you  jBna  the  whole  family  employed  iai  - 
reading  the  Bible  }  ajid  indeed  it  U  an  a^e£ling  fight  to  fee  the  ^o 
ther  of  a  family  furrounded  by  his  hou(hoid»  h'^ring  him  explam 
i|  the  fublime  tfuthi  qf  thi*  facred  v^jun^e. 

.  ^  Nobody  f^la  here  of  going  to  the  place  of  worlhl^  appropriated  t9. 

his  fc:£t.     Inthefc  places  there  reigas  a  profound  hience  i  an  order 

and  refpe£^  is  alfo  obfervable  which  h^s  not  been  feen  for  a  long  tim« 

iV    in  our  Catholic  churches;     Their  pr«lmody  is  grave  and  majefiiib^ 

%4l  and  the  harmony  of  the  poetry,  in  their  national  tongue*  adds  a  gra& 

^  A  ^o  the  mufic,  and  contributes  greatly  toward^  keeping  up  the  atte^-^ 

\|  lion  of  the  worfhippers.  ' 

'^  •   AH  thefc  churches  are  deftitute  pf  ornaments.    No  addrefles  af#. 
'$.  made  to  the  heart  and  the  imagination  }  there  is  no  vifible  obje£t  t6 
^'  ^ugficft  to  the'  mind  for  wh.it  purpbfe  a  man  comes  into  thefe  placesi 
Who  hew  and  wh)t  he  lu'til  Jbortly  bf.    Neither  painting' nor  fculp^ 
lure  reprei'ent  thofe  great  events  which  ought  to  recall  hina  to  hgt 
duty  and  awaken  his  gratitude,  nor  are  thofe  ktrog's  in  piety  brdught 
into  view,  whora  it  is  his  duty  to  admire  and  endeavour  to  imitate. 
The  pomp  of  ceremony  is  here  wanting  to  thadow  out  the  grcatnefa 
of  the  bein^Mc  goes  to  worship  j  there  are  no  procelhons  totellify  the 
iiomage  we  owe  to  bim,  that  great  Spirit  of  the  Univerfe,  by  whofe 
will  Nature  itfelf  exiils,  through  whom  the  fields  are  covered  with 
harveftj,  and  the  trees  are  loaded  with  frijits- 
^  The  Qaakers,  ftill  greater  enemies  to  outward  ceremonies  in  wor- 
ftip,  have  tani/bei!  from  amongft   them  the  very  appearance  of* 
priellhood  s    In'yain  will  you  look  into  their  meeting  houfesfor  * 
minifter  particularly  commifiioned  to  fpeak  in  the  natwe  of  ibeDivinity, 
The  eye  can  drfcover  nothing  but  a  filent,  meditating,  mcfancho^ 
', '  sITeqibly,  coljeiied  together  without  any  apparent  motive  or  defign  } 
*|^  till  at  length' the  holy  fpirit,  feizing  upon  ;he  faculties  of  fome  one 
^  in  the  congregation,  heats,  agitates,  and  makes  a  prieft  of  him  in  an* 
^  inftant.    This*  infufion  of  the  fpirit,  is  beft<>»'ved  without  exceptitJn  of 
age,  fex  or  condition.    He  who  has  been  eng'iged  all  his  lite  in  the' 
ineaneft  and  mott  infigniiScant  occupations,  and  the  circle  of  whofe 
ideas  Nature  has  circumfifribed  within  the  moft  narrow  boundsi  be-^ 
comes  all  at  once  an  oracle,  and  an  interpreter  of  the  fubKme  trutha 
of  chriiliinity.^    The  principal  virtue  of  the  Quakers  ought  t6  be /«- 
^ence  :  for  their  injpired  orators  often  put  it  to  itvere  proof,  and  tihe 
tromen,  always  attentive  to  the  fuggeft ions  and  d'.ftates  tiff t^|%'d> vine 
i|>irit,  mike,  it  is  faid.  Very  free  ufe  of  the  precious  gift  of  l^i^h.;^,    ^ 
j_  Such  an  extraordinary  manner  of  worthip,  qwlu  "^Ot  l<ni|ii?l!«p«*r^ 
its  credit  in  the  world,  aniefs  its  followers  manHeilad  greatef^^iflll^iK*^ ' 
plicity  in  their  outward  appearance,  were  more  humane  towailitrtieur  " 
if Uqw  creatures,  more  upright  in  their  dealings,  and  more  difirttelfilU 
«d  in  civilXociety,  thu  other  mcq.    £ut  that  cathuQ^iiaf  nvhich  firft 
..'-■'•  ,-     ..        'give   ■ 


■J 


n 


u 


NEW      TRAVELS 


:    -i 


t'    ' 


'A 


n 


gave  birth  to  the  feA,  is  now  ia  a  freat  a»e«ftire  extinguiihad  i  fa    . 
that  Mre  muft  take  them  as  they  now  aro  in  the  prefent  a^e,  to  form 
a  proper  ppioion  of  them. 

Such  virtues  af  the  ah^ve*  in  whi^h  the  Quakers  are  faid  to  excel, 
|i^ve  been  more  prevalent  among  them  and  of  longer  duration  in 
America,  than  elfewhere,  because  the  clin^ate  aitd  the  lilis  they  ^a4 
SI  favourable  thereto. 

Piety  is  not  the  only  motive  that  brings  the  Americao  )<adies  ii| 
•rovirdsto  the  various  places  of  worlhip.  Deprived  ofaUO^owa  and  pub* 
lie  diverfions  whatever,  the  church  is  the  grand  theatre  where  they  at- 
tend, to  difplay  their  extravagance  aqd  Jine^yi  There  they  ^ome  dref. 
ied  otf  in  the  finelt  filks,  and  oyer  (hadowdd  with  a  profufion  o^  the 
mutt  lupcii)  plumes.  The  hair  of  the  heai)  ia  raffed  and  fupported 
Upon  cu(hions  to  an  cj^travagant  height,  fomewhat  relemhling  thq 
manner  in  which  the  French  ladies  wore  their  hair  fome  years  ago. 
Inltcad  of  powdering,  they  often  waU^  the  head,  which  anfwers  the 
|>^pofe  well  enough,  as  their  hair  is  commonly  of  an  agreeable  Kgh| 
folour  ;  but  the'more  fafhipnable  among  them  begin  now  to  adofrt: 
the  prefent  European  method,  of  fctting  otFihe  head  to  the  beft  ad- 
ii^ta^e.  They  are  ot  a  large  fi:5e,  well  proportioned,  their  fcaturef 
generally  regular!  and  their  complexion  fair,  without  rudineis.  They 
have  lefs  cheerfulnels  and  eafe  of  behaviour,  than  the  ladies  of  Francet 
buit  more  ot  greatnefs  and  dignityi  I  have  even  iinagined  that  I  hava 
feen  fomething  in  them,  that  anfwers  to  the  ideas  of  beaitty  we  gain 
,  from  thole  maiterrpieces  of  the  artifts  of  antiquity,  whieh  ai-e  yet  ex- 
t.tnt  in  our  days.  The  ftature  of  the  men  is  tall,  and  their  carriage 
«re£l,  buttheir  make  iirather  (lim,  and  their  colour  inclining  to  pale. 
They  are  not  fo  curious  in  their  dre<s  as  the  women,  but  every  thing 
wpon  thettj  is  neat  and  proper,     /^t  twenty-five  years  of  age,  the  wo- 

Si<rn  begin  to  lofe  the  bloom  and  frelhnefs  of  youth  y  and  at  thirty'* 
ve  or  forty,  their  beauty  is  gone. 

The  decay  of  the  men  is  equally  premature,  and  I  am  inclined  to 
think  that  life  itfelf  is  here  proportionably  Ihort.  I  vifited  all  the 
burying  grounds  in  Bolton,  where  it  is  uiual  toinfcribe  upon  the  ftone 
Oiver  eaci)  grave,  the  names  and  ages  of  the  deceafed,  and  found  tha^ 
few  who  had  arrived  to  a  liate  of  manhood,  ever  advanced  beyondtbeif 
fiftiech  yerr  y  fewer  (till  to  feventy,  and  beyond  that  fcarcely  any.* 

fiolto.i  is  fituated  on  a  peninfi^ia,  upon  a  deicent  towards  the  fea 
fide  ;  this  peninfula  is  conn^dted  with  the  continent  only  by  a  neckc 
ef  land,  which  at  full  tide  is  not  more  than  the  breadth  of  a  h'>gh 
way,  fo  that  it  would  be  no  difficult  matter  to  render  this  a  place  of 
great  (irength.  Hard  by  is  an  eminence  which  commands  the  whole 
town,  upon  which  the  Boltonians  haye  built  a  kind  of  light  houfe  or 
beacon,  of  a  great  height,  with  a  barrel  of  tar  fixed  at  the  top,  leady 
toiet  fire  to  in  ca(e  of  an  attack.  At  fuch  a  (tgnal,  more  than  forty 
tboufand  men  <.voiild  take  arms,  and  be  at  the  gates  of  the  town  in 
l^fs  than  twenty-four  hours. 

From  hence  may  be  feen  the  rnins  of  Charleftown,  which  was  burnt 
V  the  Englifh,  on  the  17th  ot  June,  1775.1  at  ^he  battle  ot  Bunker'a 
kill — a  meianchojy  profpe^,  calculated  to  Keep  up  in  thebreaftsof  thf 

Boftoniaai, 

•  I'Tttb  tbtlih  ifit^niion^It:;amineialf.th»  ehurehyardtfrom  l^ojlm  1$, 
ITiUJaMjburgbf  almjf  tbrte  bimdnd  leagues,  and  faupd  nearlj  the  fioH^' 

refult.  ' 


THiretfGff     A  M  E  R  I  C  A: 


i-v  ^ 


^^ 


I  /"' 


'B«ftoniant,  the  fptrit  and  fentimenti  of  liberty.  TbU  town  vHit  (epa- 
.rated  from  the  peniofala  Qnly  by  Charles  river,  and  was  buflt  in  ti\i 
angle  formed  by  the  jundlion  of  this  river  with  the  Mvftic.  The 
buildings  in  it  were  good,  the  whole  capable  of  being  fortified  to  aid- 
vantage,  and  Teems  to  have  been  about  hulf  as  big  as  Bofton. 

The  harbour  of  this  laft  mentkned  city,  can  receive  more  than  $v« 
hundred  fail  of  vefTels,  but  the  entrance  is  di(Hc*'It  and  dangerous, 
being  only  a  channel  about  the  breadth  of  three  fliipl.  86m«  ftrohg 
batteries,  ereded  upon  one  of  the  adjacent  iflands,  proteff  the  road, 
and  confeqiiently  relieve  the  town  from  ^riy  appreheiifioni  of  an  in- 
lult  from  an  enemy  by  Tea.  The  capes  that  bound  the  entrance  of 
the  hay,--the  reef  of  rocks  that  edge  the  outlet  of  the  road,  and  the 
little  iflands  that  are  feen  every  where  fcattered  up  andf  down,  form 
fo  m^ny  obftacles,  which  diminifh  nnd  repteft  thie  fea-fwel),  and  ren- 
der this  harbour  one  6t  the  fafeft  in  the  world. 

1  he  commerce  of  the  Boftonians  formerly  comprliised  a  variety  of 
articles,  and  was  very  extenftve  before  the  breaking  out  of  the  prefent 
war.  They  fuppIieJ  Great- Britain  with  mails  and  y^rdi  for  her 
royal  na>y,  and  built,  either  upon  commifllion  or  their  own  accoUht, 
a  peat  number  of  mertihantmen,  remarkable  for  their  foperrOrity  iit 
failing.  Indeed,  they  were  of  fuch  a  flight  find  peculiar  conllru£t\oft 
that  it  did  not  require  the  abilities  of  a  great  connoiileur  to  diltin- 
gui(h  their  ihipt  in  the  midft  of  thofe  belonging  to  other  naU<^s« 
Thofe  that  they  freighted  on  their  own  account  vrere.fent  either  to' 
the  American  iilands  or  to  Europe  laden  with  timber,  plank,  jpiner* 
ftuiF,  pitch,  tar,  turpentine,  rofin,  beef,  fait  pork  and  iomt  furrs ;  but 
their  principal  obje6l  in  trade  was  the  codfiAs,  which  they  caught  upoa 
their  own  coafts,  and  particularly  in  the  bay  of  Maflachufettt.  f 

The  produA  of  this  iifhery  was  about  fifty  thoufand  quintais,  an< 
Aually,  which  they  exported  to  the  other  neighbouring  p^vintesy 
and  even  to  Spain,  Italy  and  throughout  the  Mediterraneali^  WHile 
thofe  of  the  worft  quality  were  deftined  to  the  ufe  of  the  negfoes  in 
the  Caribbe  Iflands.  In  this  fifhery  they  employed  a  great  liKiiiiber  of 
hands,  and  by  this  means  furnifhed  th'emfeives  with  excellent  land^'. 
The  province  of  Maflfachufetts,  tboMnferior  to  the  reft  in  theq^^it^r 
of  the  foil,  will  always  be  rich  and  powerful  while  it  retains  tbia 
branch  of  commerce,,  and  if  at  feme  future  period  this  new  world 
fiiall  difplay  a  great  and  formidable  force  upon  the  Tea,  Boflon  wi^ 
be  the  place  from  whence  we  (hall  firlt  fee  them  advancing  to'atTerC 
an  equal  right  to  the  watry  Empire.  In  exchange  for  thefe  exports 
they  return  with  wine  from  Medeira,  Malaga  and  Oporto,  virhkh 
they  p'-efer  to  ours  on  account  of  their  fwectneftf  or  perhaps  rathec 
^caufe  they  are  more  accuftomed  to  them. 

From  the  Iflands  they  bring  vaft  quaatitiet  of  fi/g»r»  whicfa^fhey 
confume  with  their  tea,  nn  article  the  North-Ameritan^:'niakeyfe  of 
at  leaft  twice  a  day;  molaffes  they  import  in  ilill  greaf<^j::^uani|ties9 
they  diftil  it  into  rum,  which  when  mixed  wich  water  is  them-or^HSia- 
ry  drink.  The  demand  for  this  article  was  cohfiderabief  tiij|^ -tijbv 
ifuaotity  imported  fo  great  that,  before  the  wa^,  it  was  not  Worth 

i^^-      f  Cape  Codflrttehes  out  into  the  fea  in  the  form  of  tt^iti&  ilkam/p  atut . 
V  tforms  a  bay^  having  taken  its  mane  from  this  fjb.    It  isrenwkable  thta 

i  •V^^'"""  *'^'*  '**'  ''^^  ^      ancients,  are  taken  from  tbt  f^tftftiet  cr 
'\fiiktienrftf)eflactf,trtkf9rio((tffthnrMf(Wtrj,  ,   ■"*' '\ 


w 


» 


I 


III 


' 


■■  i 


m 


i^ 


NEW     TRAVfiL 


i 


ihof%ilum  two  AiUingt  the  gandii*.    tniy  often  when  !b  twti<f^^ 
lisfpii^  of.  their  (bip«  and  curgoct  together,  and  Vrent  over  toEngUivid 
to  porcha(k  their  manufa^uret*  which  they  transported  to  Att^tnttt 
Sft  Engtiih  bottom*,  and  thui  the  mother  countj^  increafed,  by  the 
flj^merioaa  cbmnacrce,  the  yx\txt  of  her  own  commoditiet9  while  <he 
Ibppticd  them  pnlw  with  articlet  of  confumption.  :.hy  thii  double  ex- 
'  thange  with  the  Amencans,  the  Engtifh  manufsi6furei  were  in  great 
^entond,  althovgh'tfiey  could  pot  .be  aft'oided'  fo  cheap  m  thole  of 
•ther  nations,  o\»rifi'g  to  the  eixcedlve  price  of  labour  in  Bngland. 
Their  fifheries,  their  trade,  and.  the  valt  number  of  iefleit  they  btti^ 
las  rendered  thenitl]fe  carrierr  of  aU  thcL  Northern  coloniei.- 
.  It  is  ccvripure^  that  from  174.8  to  1749,  inclu0y;e,  there  were' 500; 
Wieii  employedl  from  this  port  in  foreign  conun&erce*   and  inward- 
entries  were  m^e  of  4.30  \    «nd  the  coafting  and  fifiiing  veflels. 
sfmounted  to  at  Ittaft  1000.    H  appears  however  that  after  t|iis.  at  a 
certain  Rnglifh  auithur  remarks,  ffheir  commerce  .had  declined.- 
;,  In  t73t  forty  one  ibips  were  built  at  Bo<lon,  making  in  the  whole 
€iio  tons  }  in  1741}  were  built  t8{  in  174.$  twenty  4  in  1749  ^f'^^i^*' 
amounung  in  all  to  2450  tons.    Tbiv  decreafe.in  the  commerce  of 
Bofton  probably  arofe  from  fevieral  new  eftabiiibments  that  had  been' 
formed  along  >'be  coaft,    which  drew  to  themfelves  tbofe  difPercnt 
branches  of  trade  vhich  their  feveral  fituationsfayoured  tbfm  irt.'  •> 
,  The  preat  demand  for  rum  among  tbe  Americans  led  them  to  form 
connexions  with  the  French  Coiontestand  our  wines  isnd  brandies 
making  this  liquor  of  fmall  requeft  among  us,   they  fiiittered  M^ni-. 
^Ives  that  they.cjoutd  impqrt  roolaCes  to  advantage.    This  attttnpt^ 
Receded  beyond  their  expectations,  although  they  hii4  nothing*  to 
giiye  in  exchange,  but  loVnber,  .and  fome  fait  i^rovifions.    ButtM 
^ngUfli  goveriunent  perceiving  the  injury  its  own  iflands  thereby ' 
fuffered,   prohibited  this  commerce  entirely.    The  colonies,  upoA< 
this,,  complained  bitterly,  and  repcefented,  that  by  hiiadering  them 
ffom  exportingjthe  produ6tiont,oAheir  foil  to  what  port  they  ]:dea<; 
^^^^fed,    they  would  be  rendered  unable  to  pay  for  thofe  iodifpenfably 
/^JTieceiTary  articles,    which  they  purchafed  at  aa  exorbitant  price  lA 
England.  :  * 

,  The  governn\,ent  then  toqk  a  niiddle  way  {  permitted  them  tb^ 
exportation  of  lumber,  and  loaded  Frencb  fu^r  and  other  foreigii 
commodities  imported,  whh  very  h^avy' duties.  But  6hisdid:not 
Tet  fatisfy  the  coiajiiest  they  confidered  the  mother  country  in  the 
light  of  a  j«aIous  and  avaricious  ftep-root-her,  watching  every  oppor* 
tunity  to  turn  to  her  oWn  advantage  thofe  channels  of  gain,  wbich- 
Airuuld,  have  enabled  them  to  live  in  eafe^ad  plenty.  This  waf  one  of 
tjhe  principal  cnufes  of  .the  mi<underilanding  between  England  an4r' 
ier  colonies  ^  from  thenceforward  the  latter  perceived  what  a  change 
fnJependfstfe  would  make  in  their  favour,  and  France  was  by  no 
im- ms  ignorant  of  the  political  advantages  that  would  accrue  to  hef 
from.fuch  a  revolution.  . 

Th|%lrilh  Prefbvterians,  difcontented  with  their  landlord^  atbomi^. 
•nd  attracted  by  ftmilarityof  fentimenti  have  eltabliflied  in  this  place* 
Vltb  ibne  iucceft,  manuteSorics  of  linnen,  and  have  jnade  fonu  at* 

.^temjpta 

^  •  The/htninfi  in  our  rmt^  h  nHfi^'^fi^^  ^Vmtr:,  m^tk  -pOm 


■•'3!*  J 


■"S^'' 


THROUGH     AjM  E  R  I  C  A; 


oEnglaiv4 
» Avokt'vtii 
d,  by  rhe 

while  <he 
louble  ex- 
e  in  great 
%  thole  of 

Bnglaiid. 

the/  built 

H.-   -'    ,    .' 

were  509! 
id  inward' 
ng  veffelf 
t|iis.  at  4 
ined.. 
the  whole 
f9  fifceen»' 
im  erce  of 

had  been: 

difFercat 
ifm  irt*  '> 
IB  to  ittcm 

brandies 
^ed  t.^nm*. 
is  atttiQpt^ 
othingr  to 

But  t*i 
•  thereby' 
tiet,  upoA< 
ring  them 
they  i^ea« 
irpeiirably 
t  price  ia 

them  tb^' 
\T  foreigu 
is  did  not 
ry  in  the 
ry  oppor* 
in,  which - 
1^39  one  of 
{land  an4r> 
:  a  chainge 
a«  by  no. 
ue  to  hef 

at  boBi^ . 
fats  p}ace» 
!  fome  at* 
tempts 

..  ■     '  ...,,.■' 

www    AVt^P" 


V 


17 


impti  at  broad  cloths }  thofe  yhat  have  been  lately  manufaAured  are 

llofe  and  well  woven,  but  hard  and  coarle  ;  their  hat  manufaftories 

ave  fubceeded  not  better  than  the  dothij  they  are  thick,  ipungy 

ind  without  firninefs,  and  colnie  tar  ihort  of  the  beauty  and  iblidity 

il)>f  ours.     > .  ..-,:■■.''•• 

I  The  province  of  Maflachufetts-Bay  has  mines  of  iron  and  copper  (■ 

le  iron  is  of  a,  quality  fupetior  to  any  other  in  the  world,  and  will 

tear  hammering  and  drawing  to  a  furprifing  decree.     '    .» 

'  The  Europeans  have  long  been  convinced  of  the  natural  and  ma-^ 

1  dangers  to  be  apprehended,  in  ac<^uiring  education  in  large  townsw 

'he  Boftonians  have  advanced,  farther,    they  have  prevented  thefe 

ngers.  <  Their  Univerfity  is  at  Cambridge,  feven  miles  from  Bof* 

n,  on  the  banks  of  Charles  River,  in  a  beautiful  and  healthy  fituf* 

on..    There  are,  four  collegesi  all.ofbiick,  and  of  a  regular  form: 

he  EngH(h  troops. made  ufe  of  thcjti  as  barracRsin  1775,  nnd  forced 

|he  profeflbrs  and  ftudentt  to  turn  out.  .The  library  contains  more 

'lan  xooo  volumes  }  and  they  have  an  excellent  printing-houfe,  uell 

irnimed,  i;hat  was  originally  intended  for  a. college  for  tjie  native 

idians.  uTo  give  you  an  idea  of  the  ^erit.  of  the  feveral  profenbr* 

rill  be  fufficient.to  fay^  that  they  correfpond  with  the  literati  cf 

irope,  and  that  Mr.  Seivall,  in  particular,  profeflbr  of  the  Oriental 

iguages,  is  one  of  thofe  to  whom  the  author  of  genius  and  ability 

been  lavifh  of  thofe  gifts  }  their  pupils  often  »t\  tragedies,  the 

|bt)je£l  of  which  is  generally  taken  froth  their  national  t;v£nts,  fuch 

*M#t^''*  ^*"i*  o*  Bunker's  Hill,  the  .burning  of  Chaileftown,  tl>e  Death 

^i^l"  General.  Montgomery,,  the  capture  of  Bi'irgoync,  rhe  treafon  of 

^ij^  .and  the  Fall  of  firiti^  tyranny,,    You  will  eafiiy  conclude, 

l^at  i^n  Aich  ainew  nation  as  this,  thefe  pieces  muft  fall  inHniiely  f^orc 

If  that  perfe£tipn  fo  which  oqr  European  literary  piodu£iion»  of  this 

|nd  are  wrought, up  i  b|Ut  flill,'they  havea  greater  cft'e£l  upon  the 

nnd  than  the  befl  of  our^  would  have  among  thtm,   becaufe  thole 

[anners  and  cuftomsaredeJineated,  which  are  peculiai:  to  tlKipfelvcs^ 

'the  events  are  Aich  as  interell  them  aVove.all  others  :  The  dra* 

is  here  reduced  to  its  true  and  ancient  origin.* 

C  It 

•  fTe  confine  our  thfaU  ical  pitees  either  to  fabulous  heroc,  the  charaBert 
d  manners  of  'which  have  Itttle  or  no  refemblance  to  ours,  and  jwhofe  ac- 
\s  lue  can  take.no part  in,,or  elfe  dranv  our  piilure:  ojliftjram  that  clafr 
focietywptch  a^ethe  leajl  nuntgroifty   1  mean  the  great  end  rich.     TA* 
)^fj^lt  itude  can  take  noJnttreJI,can  apply  nothing  to  themjel've!  in  theft  pet' 
rmances,  and  mufi  derive  all  their  entertainment  front  feme  adi.entiiicKf 
'iaufiesijiicb  fit  the  connexion  of  the  plan,  the  choice  of  the  fituatictis,  tkk 
rtnony  *fthe  nierfe,  &c.       7 be  Creekif  nvhom  nve  hiir:e  badly  imilaredf 
^ivere  in  thefe  points  much  more  rational  \  all  their  dramatical  fuhjeSts  bad 
reference  to  their  onvn  mythology,  form  of  ivorjbip,  government,  cvdtbt 
anmfi  and  cufloms  of  the  federal  States  ;   hence,  thtir  tkcatricelpiecti 
uqjiAt fiipported  lunbaut  Igrue  jfiSiions,  or  an  abfurd  mixture  of  iticidenfr^y 
Inih  btu  been  faid  about  depravity  oftcfte,  permerfion  of  manners,  lndj9 
^  nvbtn  the  Parians  have  been  found  to  forfake  tfie  great  thtat,  esy  and 
itojoreign  exhibition  f.    But  people  deceive  thcmjelves  in  this  matter ; 
'^vji^ivbojlocked thitberf  with  toe greatefi  eagerncfs,  vuere  feople  mofien^^ 
"figfd  in  b^fin^tf  §94  (cnfe^uent^  Uft  corrupted  in  tbetr  manmr'i  than  tit 

ff-eaU    ., 


il 


NEW     T  R\A  V  E  L  S 


ihv'W. 


It  il  ilifflcult  to  imagine  what  a  ftran^  idea  the  Americans  bad  •! 
the  inhabitants  of  Fiance,  prior  to  tlic  ^r  j  they  looked  dpon  them 
as  a  people  bowed  down  beneath  the  yolce  of  defpotifm,  given  up  to 
iuperftition,  flavery  and  prejudice,  mei«  idolatera  in  their  public 
Wor(hip,  and,  in  <hort,  a  kind  ot  light,  n Anhle  machines,  deformed  to 
the  laft  degiee,  incapable  of  any  tbing^foltd  or  confident  ^  entirely 
taken  up  with  the  drefHng  of  their  hair,  and  painting  their  faces  { 
trithout  delicacy  or  <ideUty,  and  paying  no  re'pe£t  even  to  the  mo(l 
facred  obligaricn.— — The  Englifti,  it  leems,  were  pleafed  to  diHrmi- 
rate  thefe  prejuilicesBmongfttbem,  and  confirm  thtm  therein  ;  Pief- 
bytetianifm,  a  moft  bitter  enemy  to  the  Catholic  Faitb,  had  likewifc 
xeitdered  the  Boltonians,  among  whom  this  le£l  is  predominant,  more 
ready  to  li(ten  to  nnd  believe   them. 

In  thebeginningofthe  war,  every  thing  Teemed  to  concur  to  ftreng* 
tben  thefc  prejodices.  The  greater  part  of  tlit  French,  who  came 
into  America  at  the  f^rft  appearance  of  the  revolution,  were  men 
loaded  with  debts,  and  ruined  at  home  in  their  reputation  ;  and 
vet,by  afl'uming  titles  and  fictitious  names,  they  obtained  diHinguiOi- 
ing  tanks  in  the  American  army,  received  advances  of  money  to  a 
confiJerable  amount,  and  then  immediately  diiappeared.  The  fim- 
plicity  oi  the  Americans,  added  to  their  little  experience,  rendered 
thel'e  vitlanies  lefs  liable  to  be  detected.  Many  ofthefe  adventurers 
even  committed  crimes  in  America,  worthy  of  the  moft  rigorous  pun- 
ifliments. 

The  firft  commodities,  too,  that  the  Boftonians  received  fromFrance, 
contributed,  by  their  bad  quality,  to  fuggeft  unfavourable  ideas  re* 
fpe£ling  our  upright  dealing,  and  iadultiy.  For  this  reafon,  only, 
thofe  goods  which  were  imported  hither  from  France,  are  (old  at  a  con* 
fidcrable  luwer  price  than  Engliih  articles,  not  in  any  refpeft  fuperior. 
J\t  the  arrival  of  the  Count  D'£ltaing,  the  people  here  were  much 
fiuprifed  to  find  that  the  French  were  not  inch  weak,  diminutive 
and  deformed  little  mortals,  as  their  prejudices  had  pai|:ted  them  : 
They  hwwever  at  laft  concluded,  that  the  Count  and  the  people  in 
his  ficct,  had  been  picked  out  on  purpofe,  in  order  to  give  them  a 
more  advantageous  idea  of  the  nation.  Some  coloured  figuies,  ha- 
ving accidentally  ttained  one  of  the  drefling  cloths,  confirmed  them 
in  the  opinion,  that  the  French  made  ufe  of  vermitlionto  colour  their 
facts. 

Notwithdanding  my  being  known  for  a  Frenchman,  and  Roman 

Prielt,  1  was  continually  receiving  new  civilities  from  feveral  of  the 

bett  iaipilies  in  this  town  ;  but  the  people  in  general  retain  their  old 

prejudices  :  I  law  a  remarkable  proot  of  it  one  day  from  a  trifling 

^  occurrence, 

great,     Licenitoufnefs  ivas  net  their  vtofivt,  but  the  pkafure  of  btbolJing 
the  realfcems  ot  life  reprefenttd,     Things  intereji  us  only  fofar  as  they  re- 
Jemhle  our  own  circumjiances,  and  condition.     The  artift,  luho  dreiv  thi 
fiBure  repnfentint^  the  embarrajftnent  and  conjv/wn  o/"  Paris,  fwben  about 
to  leavt  the /air  Helen,  and  the  impttuo/tty  of  Heiior  reproaching  him  nvith 
lis  fojinefs  and  rffemiitdcy,  forces  m^  to  admwe  his  di'oine  art  in  the  hand- 
ling rf  the  fubjeii,  in  thejujitiefs  of  the  defgn,  and  in  the  life  and  harmony 
of  the  colouring  :  but  Gieuze,  perhaps  a  lefs  ftnifhed^enius^  and  UfsrigU' 
lar,  makes  me  tremble  at  the  unnatural  tiew  of  afatktr  curing  his^t^ 
aa*-,^  ^iif  ^t^__  -V..-:  v:s  i:m£  to  admiTi  bit  btautuu 


<-i 


who: 
Frer 
cour 
pom 
ofli 


•(  .. 


mm 


THROUGH        AMERICA. 


ti 


at  bad  •? 

pon  tliem 
'en  up  to 
r  public 
ormed  to 

entirely 

eir  facet  | 

the  moft 

9  diflVmi- 

in  ;  Pief- 

likewifc 
ant,  more 

to  ftreng* 
who  can>e 
were  men 
ion  ;  and 
ftinguifli- 
3ney  to  a 
The  fim- 
rendered 
venturer* 
•ouspun< 

>mFrance, 
;  ideas  re« 
fon,  only, 
i  at  aeon* 
t  fuperior. 
i^cre  much 
iiminutive 
[ed  them  : 
people  in 
ire  them  a 
;utes,  ha- 
med  them 
)lour  their 

d  Roman 
ral  of  the 
their  old 
a  trifling 
jrrence, 

'  bibolJing 
as  they  re- 
}  Jretv  tht 
vhen  about 
I  him  nvitb 
t  the  hand' 
:d  barniony 
id  Uft  regu^ 
Sng  bisjfi^ 


;\^i 


«€ennf't;v<!,  which  at  the  fame  time  fer^ed  to  give  me  a  better  idea 
i4tf  their  chara^er.  Thechimney  ol  thel.oufe  I  lodged  in,  and  whiclt 
elonged   to  a   Frenchman,    happened  to  take  fire ;  you   m.iy  ealU^ 
onceive  what  an  uproar  thi'3  would  oocafion'  in  a  town  chtetly  cou- 
Itrudled  of  wood.     1  he  people  collected  in  crowds  {   but  ahtr  they 
iwere  told  whofe  houie  it  wai,  they  remained  idle  (pe^tavors  of  the  fcene. 
1  then  caufed  the  doors  to  be  (hut  to  (top  the  draft  of  air,  and  clofed 
Vp  the  chimney,  in  which  the  fire  was,  with  a  wet  blanket  \  we  al- 
io threw  water  down  inceilantly,  to  generate  a  moilture ;  the  women 
^f  the  houl'e,  who  were  Americans^  were  however,  much  difpleafed 
"t  the  fight  of  the   floors,    covered  with  water  and  foot ;  aad  if  we 
ad  not,    in  defpight  of  them,  a£ted  as  we  Ihou^ht  fit,  I  think  they 
ould  rather  have  had  the  houTe  burnt,  than  the  floors  and  ceilings 
Fpoiled. 
We  have  juil  heard  the  news  of  the  capture  of  St.  Euftatius  by  tho 
ngliih  :  without  doubt,  avarice  had  a  greater  fiiare  in  advifing  thi» 
xpedition,  than    found  policy.     The  Americans,  not  pleaf'ed  witlv 
fuch  of  the  French  manufaihires  as  were  firft  fent  over,  went  thither 
o  pufchate  thofe  of  the  Englifh,  which  after  the  war  with  Holland^ 
'.were  lent  out  to  that  ifland  under  neutral  fiags  j  and  lha«they  ruin- 
Jed  one  of  their  principal  branches  of  commerce,  and  forced  the  Anie* 
tricans  to  have  recourfe  to  onr  productions,  which  eKperience  has  no^ 
i*taught  them  to  have  a  more  favourable  opinion  of  than  before. 
f     The  arrival  of  the  army,  under  M.  le  Comte  de  Rochambi<»»,  at 
Rhode- Ifland,  fpread  a  general  terror. through  that  piac;* :  the  fieldi- 
became  mere  deferts,  and  thofe  whom  curiofity  led  to  viiltNewport-f^ 
could  fcarcely  perceive  a  human  form  in  the  iVreet.    Every  French- 
man iaw  the  abfohue  neceffify  there  wai  for  obliterating  thefe  preju- 
dicesj  andevery  one  lacrificed  fomerhhig  to  his  own  feelings,  in  order 
to  accomplifh  this  defired  end.      The  fuperior  officers   ertablilhed 
he  (triftelt  difcipline  among  the  troops  :•  and  the  officers  in  general' 
anifefted  upon  every  occafion  that  politenefs  and   fweemefs  of  be- 
laviour  peciiliarto  the  nobility  and  pentry  of  France  :  In  confequence 
f  this  the  ibldiery  became  mild,,  circumfpeft  and  moderate,  and  fof 
whole  year  there  was  not  a  Tingle  complaint  n>ade. 
The  French  at  Newport  were  no  loneerthat  ficklo,  prefumptuous^. 
luftering,  haughty  people  that  prejudice  had  piftured  them  j  at  the 
entertainments  they  gave,  their  whole  behaviour  was  quiet  and  rerer- 
ved,    and  their  converfation  confined   to  the  American  guelts,    to> 
whom    they  became  every  day  more  and  mor  c  dear.     Thefe  younj 
French    noblemen,    whom   fortune,    birth,    and    the    habit  of   a- 
court  life,  commonly  leads  to  diffipation,  luxury  and  a  love  of  empty 
pomp,  were  the  hrrt  to  let  the  example  of  a  fimple  and  frugal  manner 
of  living  ;  and  they  now  (howed  then^fclves  as  affable  and  ns  courte* 
ous  to  all,  as  if  they  had  lived  their  whole  lives  with  thef'e  citiecns, 
in  the  quality  of  equal*.     This  conduft,  ftriftly  perfevered  in, brought 
about  a  total  change  in  the  opinions  of  the  Americans,  regarding  us. 

Even 

•j-  Tim  if  the  capital  totm  tfthe  State  ;  the  goodnfft  ofltsJiU  and  tf-tt 
txcelUnce  of  its  climate  haue  gained  ii  the  r.a»ie  of  the  ^itti^Mi  of  Ncko* 
England :.  its  trade  nvas  vtryfiGU*-iJhing  before  thf  njoar  ;  Bejides  iuinffp- 
"^hr  and  fait  pro-vifions,  nvhicb  mere  exf>orted  to  the  Ifands,  /^f^yirllfe** 
Uure  guattiUie;o/ betTf  cheefCf  ^ultrj  and  tallunju^  ,;f. 


r 


H' 


le  NEW      T  R  AVl^l^S 

Fven  the  Tories  t  coald  net  but  refpr A  the  French,  altbo*  tht/ 
detcfled  the  catife  they  fupportedi  and  I  am  informed  they' were  iim 
finitely  more  .aft'c£^H  with  lorrewat  the  departure. of  the  army,  thaa 
they  had  been  alarmed  with  fear  at  their  arrivah        t    !^  , 

r  The  Prei>ch  have  in  general,  been  upbraided  a  long  time  for  pay- 
ing no  regard  to  the  noil  facred  of  all  connexions,  when  their  gaflan. 
try  it  concerned.  Perhaps  Newport  may  have  afforded  Tome  examples. 
A  French  officer,  hy  hii  attention  and  afCduity,  gained  the  affeAionp 
of  a  young  and  amiable  lady-  Htr  huihand,  who.  loved  her  tenderly.^ 
Awas  foon  convinced  of  the  reality  of  this  new  attachment,  and  alt  ho*. 
afflicted  in  the  moll  fen^jbte  manner,  he  did  no  difcover  his  tronbk 
to  her  either  by  cojuplaints  or  reproaches  {the  reputation  of  hi»  guiU 
ty  fpoufe.w(as  Hill  dear  to  him,~and  he  waieven  afraid  (he  would  di& 
cover  that  he  had  know  ledge,  of  her  infidclityv  i  "..And  yet  if  (he  con« 
tinues  doubtful  o^  ir  (Hiid  he  to  a  friend)  fhe  will  give  over  all  hope* 
ot  regaining  my  efteem  i  her  ruin  will  of  confequeace  enfue,  and  myi 
own  peace  be  facrlBced  :  let  us  then  ende«vour  to  awaken  herteudefi 
»efs,  and  recall  her  to  her  duty  by  remorfe  for  what  is  paft/'.  t  From 
this  mom?rit  he  became  more  aiHduous  and  <complaifant,  to  her  than 
ever  ;  wiih  forrow  and  defpair  in  htsfoul,  he  Viewed  -i  countenance 
ferene  and  fati&iied.  He  received  at  his  houfe,  wi\h  attention  and  cir 
viliry,  the  very  officer  who. was  the  author  of  his  tnisfprtuae  }  i  but, 
>v  ihe  afTiftance  of  a  friend,  fo  contrived  matters,  as  to  hinder  him. 
from  arvy^jrivare  interviews  with  her  whatever.  T^efe  repeated  difajv*. 
pointments  2r;«|i)(;ii-ed  to  the  Frfenchman  to  bb  mere  efte&s  of  chance  ( 
he,  howct^er,  gre»ii^]l!:n  and  peevifh  upon  it,' and  confequcntly  be-^ 
came.lefs  amiable  in  th^cyes.pt  the  lady,  and  her  hulband  m()re  fothan 
ever;  and  thus,  that  virtue  which  had  not  l#ft  all  its  claims  to  her 
fcduLtd  heart,  foon  recalled  it  to  irs  duty.  Such  a  procedure  as  thisy 
in  fo  (Lelicatr  an  affair,  diicovers  great  knbKyiedge  of  ^le  human  heart,, 
and  iiilltQore  of  dominion  oyer  itfelf.  ....•.'  ,  •  i  ],,  ..  .  . 
.  The  army  left  Newport  the  9ih  of  June  to  go,  it  is  fuppofed,  to  the 
Southward,  andthey  are  now  actually  at  Providence.  .  lam  jult  fet*. 
ting  out  to  join  ir,  and  if  it  continues  its  rharch,  I  make  no  doubt  I 
fhall  be  icnabled  to  entertain  you  iwijLh  particulars  Ail)  more  inlercHing.! 

LETTER  II.  The  author  joint  the  French  armj  at  Pron^icfence.-^Defcrip- 
i^  ttonofPro'ifidence. — Roger  IfiUiamSt  its  founJer.^-'' Fatigues  ofamiUta-  . 
ry  H/e.-'-'Xtmdri's  ta  the  drefi't  fajhion'  and  food  of  the  Americans.'  ■  '  > 
J^ftdrance  of  the  people  of  CcnneSicut  in  point  of  making  bread.-^-^—'Ttttr 
fimper,  peculiar itifs  bndchara£ief'.'-—^7ht  foil  and  fate  vf  the  country 
-' — Hartford-theforep  and  federal  kindt  of  trees. —-^  State  ofHeiM 
York.'-^-*^Hu'dfon''s  river. ^-Devajiations  oicaftoncd  by  the  War,  %?W ' ' 


S  I  R, 


Camp,  at  Fbiltpjhurg,  June  30,  \^%^. 


I  FOUND  the  army  at  Providence,  encamped  on  a  rifing  ground. 
This  is  a  confidcrabletow.n,  and.  pretty  well,  peopled  j  .foroeof  th« 


houftt 


tories  i.  e.  Rtjalijff,    7Ut  word  it  4frivtdfrm  tht  Samn* 


:i 


#' 


for  pty- 
ir  gaiUn. 
xamplet. 
affcAionp 
tenderly^ 
nd  alibo*. 

tronble 

lii»  guiLr 

ould  di& 

F  (he  con. 

all  hope* 

>  and  myi 

T tender^ 

".  ( From 

her  than 

ntenancf 

n  and  ci.r 

it  i  i  but, 

nder  him. 

^ed  difap., 

'  chance  | 

ently  be-« 

re  fo  than 

ns  to  her 

•t  as  thii^ 

lan  heart,, 

ed,  to  the 
n  juft  fet*. 
9  doubt  I 
lerefting.! 


he  ctuntfy 
e  of  Nets 
r. 


wl 


.P 


J 


-  *:■, 


lioufei  are  built  of  brick  and  otherj  of  wool;  it  it  fituated  at  th« 
Ihoutb  of  the  river  Patuxit,  at  the  bottom  of  a  bay  betwixt  the  Stats* 
♦f  MaiTachafettt,  ConneAicut,  and  Rhode- Ifland  t  Thii  fituation  af. 
fordi  iia  gainful  commerce  in  corn,  maize,  lumber,  and  fait  prcvU- 
^n«  for  tb*  Iflandi  |  there  are  alfo  man>  veiTeli  built  here. 
•  Tliic  town  it  the  capital  of  a  colony  of  the  fame  name,  Providence 
Plantation^  now  inporporated  vvith  the  St«te  of  Khode-IQand.  J\, 
oertain  perfon,  named  Roger  Williami*  «  mtnifterin  Maflachufetta- 
Bay,  who  had  been  baniflied  by  the  magi(^rtte«for  preaching  up  new^ 
do£lrinei,  retired  to  thia  place  with  hiafolioweri,  apd  founoed  a  co- 
lony, giving  it  the  name  of  Pro*vi(lciicet  in  order  to  preferve  to  pof- 
verity,  the  remembrance  of  the  odieus  treatment  he  had  experienced. 
He  there  lived  forty  years  in  a  rational  folitude,  Vi  holly  taken  up  with 
i^pro\ing  this  infant  fettlcfment,  and  inftru£>tng  the  Indians {  he  al- 
fo  writ  iome  i^teces  againlt  the  principles  and  pra£licei  of  theQiiakers, 
and,  in  the  end,  his  regular  manner  of  life,  and  benevolent  cernduQ 
forced  his  enemies  to  repent  of  the'  infujts  they  had  offered  hin. 
And  thus  you  fee,  fir,  the  annals  of  the  new  world  furniih  examplea 
of  an  intolerant  ftiiric  amon^ft  a  people,  whd  have  upon  ainiolteverjr 
Other  occafiun  (liewed  themlelves  the  greated  enemies  to  it. 
>  How  ditierent  are  the  ebjefls  that  ilow  (urround  me,  from  tbofe 
which  have  hitherto  taken  up  my  time  and  attention  1  Bred  up  in  the 
<}uiet  retreats  of  the  arts  and  fciences ;  living  conltantly  with  thofe» 
who  either  cultivated  or  patronized  them^and  always  deuroufto  make 
them  the  coinpanipns  of  my  labours  and  my  plea(u res— what  a  change 
do  I  experience  now,  when  I  am  tranlported  into  the  midft  of  the 
hurry  of  camps  ;  all  tumult  and  tommc'tion  around  me,  and  expe- 
riencing every  moment  a  thoufand  wants  !  Here  I  am  taught  to  fix 
the  true  value  upon  uleful  inventions,*  and  diitinguilh  them  from 
thofe  which  ate  only  curious  and  whimilcal.  A  fingle  ftieet  prote£li 
me  from'  the  inclemency  of  the  weather ;  and  being  without  books  to 
divert  my  mind  from  the  fatigues*  I  feel,  I  frequently  write,  for 
want  of  ink,  with  the'  juice  of  an  herb  ••  happy,'  if  I  could  reft  for 
any  length  of  time  in  tranquility— but  no  fuch' thing— after  two  in 
the  morning,  the  drum  orders  us  univerlally  out  of  our  bard  he's  ; 
In  hafte  we  ro)I  up  our  travelling  bed-furniture,  moUnt  our  horfe*,- 
and,  with  the  How  pace  of  an  AmbafTador's  train,  follow  the  march 
of  the  foot  foldiers,  bending  under  the  weight  of  the  burden  on  their 
backs.  ■  •     ■   '    ■         ..    .      :'  '    ■      • 

When,  at  length,  arrived  at  the  place  deftined  for  our  encamp. 
ment,  we  have  ftil^  to  wait  during  the  hottcft  part  of  the  day  for 
the  baggage  waggdhs,  before  we  can  ♦akc  any  repofe.  The  fun 
has  eves  fometiaies  almoft  finilhed  his  course,  before  our  weak  fto. 
m<cHs'have  begun  to  receive  and  digeft  the  neceflary  food  :  fUetch- 
ed  at  full  length  upon  the  ground,  and,  panting  with  thiril,  T.'h^ve 
cften  wi(hed,.like  the  rich  man  in  the  gofpel,  that  another: J^az^mm 

tv/JQld 

*  *f he  difficulty  oj  frBviding  a fufficitncy  of  carrittttst  and fidii%pj^^ 

n/iftontofupport  iht  horfes  or  oxen,  obliged  Count  RocBambtau  toerder,ti^e 

no  (fficer  Jhould  carry  wib  him  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  ptutfeft 

yfetght,  includingtentt,  hedt,  f^c.  andtbus  it  happened  in  our  long  mi&cii, 

tin  a  country  fwhere  there  are  fofenu  refourceh  tbatnimeJiaUofuj'wtri  m, 

^4int qffm »ttt fiecefary §r eitiotker^^  ^  *       .    *        ;, 


22 


NEW      TRAVELS 


^  ; 


\im 


i  ■ 


would  dip  hit  finger  in  the  water,  to  cool  my  parched  t«ngve.  Our 
young  (jcnersl*,  who  h  ive  been  bred  in  ealis  and  delicacy,  be:\r  up 
under  thtle  fatigues  with  a  degiee  of  re(olutiun  that  makes  me  blu(h 
iji-  my  v%eal«i\eli.  WhiUl  their  tablen,  exhibiting  at  the  fame  tini« 
»l>ui)ii!\i)ce  aid  frugality,  invite  theoHicers  lo  a  ihle  of  living  which 
the  want  of  dorneltici  and  other  neccirary  meant  would  render  it 
impoffilile  lor  them  othci  wile  to  enjoy,  they  encourage  the  foldiery 
•»n<ler  the  feverity  of  duly  by  raaichmg  befoiethem  on  foot.^  WJiat 
you  will  moll  wonder  at,  ii,  that  the  French  never  lofe  their  cheer* 
tolneli  and  gaiety  in  theiie  painful  and  laburious  marches.  The  Ame- 
licaos,  whom  curiofuy  brings  by  thoulknds  to  our  camp,  are  con- 
Aanrly  received  with  good  humour  and  feltivity  ;  arid  our  mititarjr 
tnulic,  of  which  they  arc  extravagantly  fond,  is  then  played  for  their 
diverfiun.  Ar  I'ucli  times  oHicers,  Ibldiers,  Americans,  of  both  fexes* 
Sill  inter  mingle  and  dance  together  ;~— it  is  the  fealt  of  equality  ^ 
and  ihele  aie  the  5r(l  fruits  of  the  alliance  which  is,  we  hope,  to  Aib- 
fi.t  porpptually  between  the  two  nations. 

The  fathers  of  the  families  melt  at  the  fight  of  thefe  afftfling 
fcenes  ;  efcn  tliofe,  wlio  wiien  they  fii  It  heard  of  our  matching, 
viewing  us  through  the  medium  of  prrjudice  and  mifrepre(entaiion» 
had  trembled  for  their  poficifions,  and  for  their  lives.  The  f  (61- 
dier,  inchriutd  with  jfiy,  forgets  the  fatigues  of  the  morning,  nor 
snakes  himfclf  wYetched  by  anticipating  thofie  of  to-rnorrow.  Theft 
Americans  being  yet  in  that  ftage  of  their  national  growth,  uherein 
the  dirtiii^iops  of  birth  and  rank  are  fcarccly  known,  confider  the 
fjldicr  and  ths  o^cerin  the  fame  point  of  vicw,and  often  aflt  the  lat- 
ter what  tiis  tr,7iie  was  in  his  own  ccimtry  }  not  being  able  to  con- 
ceive, thar  tlie  occupation  of  a  foldicr  may  be  as  fixed,  and  perma- 
VPiif  as  any  rride  whatever.  1  he  familiar  a|ipcllntion  of  brother^ 
given  Ibmeofthcm  by  the  Marquis,*  excited  their  curiofity  and  re- 
fpci5t  to  a  gieat  degree  ;  and  the  young  American  Ladies  liave  al- 
ways confidered  ic  as  one  of  their  greatett  honours,  to  have  daaced 
with  thit  nobleman, 

Wli,ifei\?r  may  be  the  future  fucccfsof  this  army,  it  will  always  re- 
tain the  gi-:>ry  of  having  made  the  inofl  lalfing  imprefljons  in  thefe 
countiie.;,  and  rendered  the  memory  of  the  French  name  dear  and  pre- 
ciou«  to  all  5  an  atchievemcnt  more  flattering  to  true  anjibition,  and 
t'criup'.  m-re  difTieult  to  accompliHi,  than  gaining  battles,  or  fpread- 
ing  oaivcrral  conq'ieft. 

Jiciorc  I  arrived  here,  I  had  no  expectations  of  difcovering  the 
traces  of  the  French  modes  and  fi»(hions,in  the  midlt  of  the  wildsand 
forell5  of  America.  Tiie  head  drelleg  of  all  the  women,  except  Qua- 
kers, arc  high,  fpreading  and  decked  profuftly  with  our  gauzes  s  and 
Mere  f  csnnot  but  rtfle^  upon  theoddnefs  of  their  taftc,  when  I  find,. 
tiirciogh  the  whole  Itate  of  Connecticut,  fo  prevailing  an  inclinatioa 

f'  iy.^*-  y  ,  ■■■•■■-  i  ■..:■'    ^         '    ■  fot    . 


f  ilf.  U  Vicomte  dt  NoaiUesbas  in  particular  made  a  ^boU  campaign  on 

t  Theirneivs  papers,  during  all  our  march,  have  never  faiUa  to  di  juf' 
tice  to  the  difapltae  of  cur  army, 

*  M.  le  Marquit  it  la  Fajette  is  uviverfallj  kuwim  to  the  JmerUans,  m 


'i^lcalt  < 
Wufbfta 


•  r' 


THROUGH       AMERICA. 


«3 


1g 


t^drt(k,  (I  miy  fay  to  a  degree    >f  extravagance)  with  manneri  at 
the  fame  time  (o  fimple  and  i'o  pure,  ai  to  rcfemhle  thofe  vf  the  an* 
dent  patriarchal  age.     Pulfe,  Indian  com,  and  milk,  are  theirniott 
con^mon  kinds  of  food  )  they  alio  \\(t  mnch  tea,  A,\d  thia  Ibber  infii* 
fion  conftitutes  the  chief  plcafure  ot  their  lives  }  there  it  not  a  (inglt 
4  pcrfon  to  be  lound,  who  does  m  ^   drink  it  out  of  china  cupi  an4 
>  iaucert,  and,  upon  yuur  cnteiing  a  huiifc,  the  greatett  mark  of  civi- 
IIHy  and  welcome  they  can  (how  you,  is  to  invite  you  to  drink  it  with 
tHcm.  In  countrie*  where  the  inhabitants  live  upon  foods  and  drinks 
of  the  moft  fubftantiai  kind,  it  may  be  ufeiul  to  the  health«  but  I  bs- 
lieve  it  it  prejudicial  in  thofie  where  they  fubrtft  mofllv  on  vfgetabica 
and  milk,  efpecialiy  when  the  foil,  yet  too  much  fliaded  by  the  woods, 
makes  them  the  lels  nourilhing  ;  and  perhaps  this  may  be  one  of  tl<Q 
CAukt,  that  with  a  robuft  and  healthy  conftitution,  their  lives  hera 
are  much  (horter  than  thofe  of  the  inhabitants  of  other  countritrs. 
,  7'he  lols  ot  their  teeth  is  alfo  attributed  to  the  too  frequent  ulie  of  tea ) 
the  women,  who  art  commonly  very  handfome,  are  utten,  at  e'ghieea 
•I'  twenty  years  of  age,  enticaly  deprived  of  thismoii  precious  orna. 
^^|ttent ;  though,  I  am  of  opinion,  this  premature  decay  may  be  i  zither 
;j,jhceife£l of  warm  bread  :  forthe  Engliflt,  the  Flemifh,  and  the  Dutch, 
Jirho  are  great  tea  drinkers,  preferve  their  teeth  found  a  long  ttnte. 
>^l    The  inhabitants  of  Conne6ticut,  who  raife  fuch  excellent  com,  are, 
:^|ibwever,  ignorant  of  the  valuable  art  of  rendering  it  more  digenive, 
<^ .  and  confequently  more  nourithing,  by  thorough  fermentation   an4 
'  '^neading ;  whenever  they  want  bread,  they  make  a  cake,  which  thty 
to  bake  at  the  fire  upon  a  thin  iron  plate.  The  French,  whom  tht 
ar  brought  inta  America,  never  could  accuflom  thcmfelves  to  thia 
ind  of  bread,  but  did  their  endeavour  to  inftru£k  the  natives  how  t<r 
ring  it  nearer  to  perfeftion  :  in  the  inns  tipon>  the  road  we  foupd* 
'me  tolerably  good,  but  far  inferior  even  to  that  fnade  in  our  army. 
"  e  inhabitants  who  reftde  at  adiftance  from  the  high  ways  prefervc- 
eir  ancient  cuftoms  in  this  and  other  ftarticulari  with  great  obdina* 
(ty,  and  believe  no  bread  in  the  world  to  be  better  or  more  palatable- 
than  tueir  own. 

Scattered  about  among  the  forefls,  the  inhabitants  have  little  inter- 
courfe  with  each  ether,  except  when  they  go  to  church.  Their  dwel- 
.  i  ling-houfes,  are  fpacious,  proper,  airy,  and  built  of  wood,  and  are  at 
"^ealt  one  ftory  in  height,  and  herein  they  keep  all  their  furnituieand 
urbftance.     In  all  of  them  that  I  have  fecn,  1  never  failed  to  difcover 
races  of  their  a£tive  and  inventive  genius.     They  all  know  how  to 
ad,  and  the  greateft  part  of  them  take  the  Gazette,  ptinted  in  their 
illage,  which  they  often  digi»ify  with  the  n^e  of  tcwn  or  city.     I 
d  not  remember  ever  to  have  entered  a  fiogle  houTe,  without  iecing 
huge  family  biblie,  out  of  which  they  read  on  evenings  and  Sundaya 
to  their  houfhold.     They  arc  of  a  cold,  flow  and  indolent  difporitioi), 
nd  averfe  to  labour  ;  the  foil,    with  a  moderate  tillage,  fupplying 
them  with  coniiderably  more  than  they  r»n  condime  ;   they  go  and 
[return  from  their  fields  on  horfeback,  and  in   all  this  country  you 
will  fcarcely  fee  a  traveller  on  foot  :  the  mildRefs  of  their  cUr^cltiti 
if  at  much  owing  to  climate  as  to  their  cultome  and  ms^ncers,  ioi  j  cu 
finjl^' the  fame  fbftnefk  of  difpofition  even  in  the  animaU  of  tlx  country. 
[Tne  hones  are  of  an  excellent  breed,  and  it  i  s  cominoft  ior  thtm  to 
^'^  long  journeys  at  the  rate  of  fifty  oi  iJxty  miks  i:d|>y  V  they  are 

>      -  .  .    .-.  very 


\ 


24 


N 


E  W 


TRAVELS 


!•'!! 


if 


V  I 


¥i 


i 

f.; 

*'.{>v 

i  . 

f 

■  p. 


4' 


.^r 


very  teachable,  and  it  is  a  rare  thlrvg  to  find  any  of  therp  ftabbforn  m!f 
ftittilh  :  the  dog  is  here  of  a  fawning,  timid  nature,  and  the  ftrangeft 
%ure  of  a  man  need  not  fear  any  violence  iron*  bim.  I  have  obf 
ferved,  too,  by  the  way,that  his  Voice  it  rather  broken  and  hoarfe,  ai 
well  as  that  of  the  cock.  .  , 

The  Americans  of  thefe  parts  arc  very  bdfpitable  }  they  have  com? 
monly  but  one  bed  in  the  houfe,  and  the  Challe  fpoufe,  although  flis 
Vkeic  alone,  would  divide  it  with  her  guelt,  without  hefitation  or  tear. 
What  hidory  relates  oi  the  virtues  of  thejroung  Lacedemonian  wO' 
ititn,  is  far  left  extraordinAry.     There  is  here  (ucb  a  confidence  iqi 
tilt  public  virtue,  that  from  ttoilon  to  Providence,..!  bave  often me^ 
young  women  travelling  alone  on  horfcbaclc,  or  ii)  fmall  riding  chairt^ 
through  the  wo,ods,  even  when  the  day  was  far  upo.n  the  decline.  :. 
in  tlxefe  fortunate  retreats;   the  father  of  a,,  family  fees  his  happi^ 
»ef$  and  importance  increafing,  with  thjc  pumbcr  of  bis  children  :  ht 
is  nut  tormented  with  the  ambitious  desire  of. placing  them  in  a  rank 
*f  life,  in  which  they  might  blufli  to  owp  hirfi  for-a  father..   Bred  up 
Bnder  his  eye,  ..nd  formed  by  his  example,  they  will  not  cover  his  ol4 
age  with  fliame,  nor  bring  thofe  carei  an4  vexations  upon' him,  tha<; 
^ould  fink  his  grey  hairs  with  forow  to  the  tomb..  .He  np  mo.refe»r% 
tliis,  than  he  would  a  fancied,  indigence,  that  might  one  day  com« 
Mpon  him.  wo6nd  his  paternaf  feelings,  an^  make  t^  tender,  partner 
ef  his  bed  repent  that  the  was- ever  the  mother. of  children.  Like  hini( 
they  will  bound  their  cares,  their  pleafures,  and  ^ven  their  aqibition, 
to  the  fweet  toils  of  a  rural  life,  to  the  raifisg  ard  multiplying  their 
kerds.and  the  cultivating  and  enlarging  their  fields  and  their  oarcbards, 
Thefe  Anxrican  hufbandmen,  more  fimple  in  their  niaQ,ners  thai) 
our  peafants,  have  atfo  lefs  of  their  roughnefs,  ana    ruHicity  ;  more 
•nhghtened,  they  polieft  neither  their  low  running  npr  didimulati, 
en;  fa.'-ther  removed  from  luxurious  arts,  and<le^  laborious,   thejp  > 
are  not  fo  much  attached  to  ancient  ufages,  but  are   far , more  dex- 
terous in  inventing  and  perfecting  whatever  tends  to  the  convenU 
•ncy  and  comfort  of  life.-  ,  ,  .    *   . 

This  country  is  interfc6led  with  an  incredible  number  of  rivers  and  , 
xlvuletsi  batConncfticut  river  Is  them'oCk  confiderablejn  tjhe  wholly 
#tate  ;  the  town  of  Hartford,  (ituitc  en  its  banks,    is  the  capitally 
and  confifts  at  pre(ent  of  i»ot  more  than  tour  or  five  hundred  houfcty 
•n  a  ttreet  two  miles  in  length.     The  river  is  deep  enough  to  fio»{    • 
■veJTeU  of  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  tons  burthen^  up  to  the  town*, 
The  foil  is  light,  except  on  the  fouthern  fide  of  the.  river,  *nd  yet  it, 
{Produces  maiZe  «r  Indian  corn,  and  feveral  other  kinds  of  grain,  ii| 
{^reat  abundance,  thie  bread  of  which  is  much  whiter    than   that  ia 
France,  and  the  tarte  equally  excellent  ;  this.was  a  confiderabie  ar- 
ficle  of  the  American  cor^nerce  with  the  iflands,  wherp  they   nej», 
verthelefs  preferred  our  European  grain,  being  of  a  mgre  mealy  fub^ 
Sance,  and  keeping  f*ce;  a  much   longer  time.    The  feveral  kiudt^ 
of  wood  here  are  much  lighter  than  ours.and  far  lefs  durable,  as  th« 
•roots  are  almoin  at  thf  (urface  ofthe  grQund  :  The  fpil  being  new,, 
the  vegetative  particles  are  more  abundant  near  the  fur/ace,  and  thc^ 
roots,  of  confequeuce,  direct  themfelves  hoiizontaUy,,and  thus  thejr- 
they  are  mare  eitpofed  to  the  impreffions  c»f  cold,  heat,.droi.^bt  ajMt 
moi'h're,  and  liable  to  be  affe^ed  by  the  variqus  .changes  .orthc  irt^ 
uofphsre  ;  a/>d,  indeed,  I  have  r^eourklli;  tb»t  the  tfcii  Ucrc  RlmqA 
livrsycbcgiotodecay^atlUcrooc*  I  " 


AMERICA: 


ii 


rc«» 

loat 

ecit 
ill 

ia 

!  ar- 


('  I  oiice  iirisgined  that  thefe  antique  forefts,  into  which  the  arm  of 
^aiiui  had  never  carried  the  deftruftive  ftrokcs  of  the  ax,  would  have 
notbin;  to  offer  to.  thp  view,  at  every  Itep,  but  inctent  trees,  whof*. 
rugged,  knotty,  hollow  trunks,  worn  by  rains  and  fruits,  lupported 
nothing  mure  rhan  a  dry  uak^d  top,  llripped  o^  its  extended  houghs. 
Initead  of  thefe  venerable  tokens  of  age  that  I  looked  for  in  the 
woodlands,  I  found  every  where  the  fieftinefs  and  vigodr  of  youtli 
the  moft  iobult.  The  trunk;),  clofe  and  compatl,  ftraight,  and  low- 
ering into  the  air  beyond  the  reach  of  the  eye,  dilplay  from  the  to^ 
a  multitude  of  branches,,  cloathed  with  a  deeper  green  tharf  ours  caa 
boalt  of.  The  oak  is  by  far  the  moft  frequent  to  be  met  with  j— for 
the  tree  moft  lifeful  to  man, is  the  tree  of  ati  climates  ;  and  I  haveob- 
ferved  no  lefs  than  fix  or  feven  different  forts  ih  this  country  :  the 
leaves  of  one  fort  are  broad  with  aimolt  imperceptible  indbntings,  in 
others  the  Incidons  are  ftill  deeper,  and  in  fonie  they  are  fo  deep,  that 
the  principal  fibres  dnly  reiiiain  extended  ;  a  day  or  two  ago  I  met 
with  fome  oaks,  bearing  leaves  that  are  long  and  narrow  and  verj 
much  refembling  thofe  of  the  peach  tree. 

But  the  nionarch  of  thefe  forefts  is  the  tulip  tiryellow  tree  :  its  af* 
piring  top  rifes  above  the  loftieft  oaks,  and  its  thick  extended  bran- 
ches proje£t  their  (hadow  to  a  ^v^ry  great  diftance  {  its  leaf  compa^l, 
fmooth  and  (lender,  is  fomewhat  in  Ihape  like  a  man's  hand,  witlt 
this  difference,  that  the  longeft  (ide  appears  to  be  cut  tranfverfely; 
l;ach  leat  is  originally:  folded  in  a  particular  wrapper,  formed  fimply 
of  two  other  leaves,  of  an  (^val  (Kape  touching  in  every  {>uint  of  their 
circumference ;  iliis  principal  lei^f  afterwards  Separates  the  two  othert 
in  order  to  expand  and  give  roota  for  growth,  in  the  fame  manned 
as  a  young  bean  (hoots  out  from  between  the  leaves  that  confined  it 
on  each  fide.    The  tulip,  that  brilliant  flower,  Upon  which  our  Flo- 
rifts  la¥i(b  fucb  a  profufion  of  toil  and  expence,  grows  to  the  number 
of  thoufands  uppn  this  (lately  tree,  refre(hes  tlie  eye  of  the  Ameri-^ 
can  native,  and  perfumes  the  air  which  he  breathes  beneath  its  Qiade. 
Qut  of  this  the  Indians  make  their  canoes  or  troughs,  formed  wholly 
of  one  piece ;  and  in  this  particufar  the  Englifti  Americans  have  tot- 
lowed  their  example^   making  feme  of  thenf  large  enough  to  carr/ 
more  than  thirty  mien.    Being  of  a  nature  fitted  to  Houri(h  in  everjr 
climate,  it  would,  I  think,  fucceed  perfe6Wy  well  in  France  j  mof» 
pleafant  to  the  fight  than  the  great  chefnut  tree,  aftd  more  clean,  it^  ' 
would  form  wwods  and  avenues  full  as  thick  and  lofty,  and  its  timhtr 
would  be  infinitely  preferable  for  every  kind  of  joiner's  Work.     Th4, 
fafTafras,  an  aromatic  (hrub,  is  found  in  open  places,  exp(!ifed  tO  thk 
fun  }  alfo,  on  the  ndes  of  the  highways  and  along  the  dcirts  of  fields  % 
its  leaf  refcinbles  that  of  the  fig-tree,  but  not  fo  large  nor  fo^thick^ 
and  is  of  a  paler  green  \  it  produces  a  fmal!  fruit  growing  In  a  podj 
snilky  when  IHs  green,  and  of  a  puiple  coloar  when  ripe  j  its  odori*  . 
ferous  quality  is  refident  chiefly  in  the  bark,  and  partioulaily  iil  that 
of  the  root;   its  property  is  fudorific.     Some  fay,  thefir(tKwopean» 
ihat  came  to  America,  being  afflifted  with  that  dreadful  sd^^^^'Uv* 
progrefs  of  which  hat  been  fo  fatal  in  Europe,  made  ufe  of  i%}i  Wsij^r 
.  l»ith  fuccefs.  "^   r 

.  We  alfo  found  upon  the  banks  of  Connefliout  river  a  fort  of  rdfe* 
Ifturel,  covered  with  flowers,  and  affording  a  delightful  profpeft  lo> 
the  eye;  The  gum-tree,  which  we'found  in  low  interval  land,  is  id, 
^e^}?}  of  groTcUurdi  tb«  ^ell  of  wfaicli  ii  fomcivhat  like  that  of 


■^ 


A? 


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■iM 


25 


NEW        TRAVELS 


■■■$\t. 


*'.!;i.f' 


•  1 

our  common  laurel,  but  more  agreeable  j  its  fruit,  much  like  grami 
bf  pepper,  ii  covered  with  an  oily  fubftanre,  of  which  they  raakewa>t 
•andles  j  the  wax  is  drawn  from  the  berry,  and  collefted  hy  boiling' 
them  in  water;  and  thefe candles  when  burning  emit  a  mod  delight- 
ful (aiell.  But  the  procefs  i«  too  troublcfomc,  and  the  produft  to* 
Ihiall  for  it  ever  to  become  an  objpft  of  commerce. 

The  maple  ticc  grows  here  to  a  verj  great  fize  and  is  one  of  the 
moft  valuable  produdlions  of  all  North- America  :  when  the  fap  run* 
they  make  incifions  io  the  body  of  the  tree,  from  whence  a  rich  liquor 
:ftow8  out,  which  when  boiled  down,  becomes  a  perfcft  fugar,  and 
as  ufcd  as  fuch.  Tins  tree  perfeitly  rcfembles  our  maple  in  France, 
and  yet  why  is  it  that  it  has  this  diftindl  property  ?  Can  it  be  becaufe 
5t  vegetates  in  a  new  Foil,  where  the  juices  are  in  greater  abundTnce 
for  its  noui  iOiment,  or  rather  are  we  yet  ignorant  of  the  real  proper- 
tics  of  our  maple  f  * 

Clufnut  and  vjinuf  trees  are  H5:ewife  very  common  here.  The 
left  are  v  I'-ious  in  their  kinds,  and  the  differ  ence  is  known  by  rhe  leaf 
and  the  fi  ult  ;  there  is  ond  Joit,  the  wood  v.f  which  is  full  of  veinsi 
and  !n'kcs  cscftllent  furniture,  and  the  outfide  cf  its  fruit  has  conii- 
c[erai>ly  tlie  fiiifll  of  citron.  They  all  piodiice  nuts,  the  kernel  of 
Vk'liicii  is  nut  tafy  to  come  at,  and  they  are  btfides  very  hard  to  break ; 
thfi  meat  is  not  got  out  of  the  (hell  but  with  great  tr;ouble,  and  by 
fmall  qu.i.ntitits,  and  after  aJi  tlie  tafle  is  Itrong  and  difhgreeable. 

We  air.>  fouiicl  here  a  kind  of  buiich  cherry,  fmall  and  foinewhat 
bitter.  The  crape  vine,  the  culture  of  which  they  are  wholly  igno- 
rant of,  even  in  Virginia,  is  feen  every  where  climbing,  and  fupport- 
ing  itfiif  upon  the  trees. (|y 

\|^lt  belon^os  to  man  to  nu7?*.ply,  to  fertilijie  and  bring  to  perfedlion 

...  Sle  ufeful  prodiit5tions  of  the*various  countries  of  the  world, — by  va- 

i^VrtfJiig  the  foils,  dire^fing  thecourfe  of  the  lap  by  pruning,  and  blend- 

{■^V  ing  the  fcy''.rr.l  kinds  of  fruit,  by  means  of  ingiafting.     We  are  in- 

',  >!SlSfbted  to   he  experience  of  many  ages  for  thefe  happy  inventions,  ai 

<'  well  as  for  ti;^  ornaments  and  opulence  of  oQr  gardens  and  orchards. 

Man, 

*  The  atithor  fecms  not  io  kan^e  bicrvn,  thatthsre  are  tnioo forts  o/"maple 

i«  America,  "vciy  iirarly  alike  in  external  a f p.  arance,  but  »f  different pro- 

firtief.     That  here  taken  notice  of  is  caliai  the  Sugar  maple,  a7id  gronjus  in 

'     grrnt  ruaiititiei  in  th>;  northern  and  ivejlcr/t parts  of  NenV'Tork  and  Pinn- 

jylvania.  Translator. 

^  I  hn'vp  ohftrnjed  tnxo  general  forts  of  I'ine^  in  America  :  thcjruit  of 
cvnofivhich  'lOai  of  a  ilofe  coniexture,  plump,  and  at  large  as  the  fmalUr 
species  o)  plumbs ,  but  the  tafle  nuat  intolerably  infpid,  and  I  do  not  belie-vi 
that  tkc  culture  of  this  fort  nvould  turn  out  to  any  ad'vantageu     The  raijin, 
.  tr  fief }y  part  of  the  othrr,  tvas  fmall,  the  jkin  hatdaftd  the  kerneUarget 
pvfferi'ttig  a  grccnijb  tafle  tsuen  ivhen  ripe  :  /  am  con'vinced  if  thts  kind 
*tt:as  culti-uatcd  nvitb  due  care  it  ivauldjuon  come  lo  pirjeclion.     The  fines 
ive  fee  in  France,  in  the  'i/inejard  proi'tnces,  grotuing  at  random  in  hedges 
ru'ithoui  :uttinc^hr  cuitu,'  e,are  of  a  kind  'uery  litdefuperior.  TheEnglifh  ba-vt 
iryf.i  plantati'.ns  of  'vincs  in  P'trgtniaii  bu,t  ne-ver  could fucceed.     Infieadof 
h-'vii^ing  ihevt  from  foreign  countries^  and  cultivating  them  in  the  manner  of 
thofe  countries,  th,-y/houU  have  taken  fuch  «r  nvere  natural  to  the  foil^  and 
gvv(:n  them  a  culture  fuitahle  to  the  cltmate,  and  then  fuccefs  ittight  be  ex- 
peded.     The  Ro^uan  <.atholic  minifterat  Baltimire,  in  Maryland,  toU ttl£ 
he  had  a  vim^'ard  of  tins  fort  ffrooifwkifb  bfbadgrttit  f^4^<itmfi 


T  H,R  o  u  o  H    A  M  E  R  I  e  a; 


'n 


Man,  we  may  fay,  is  thereftorcr  of  nature;  he  enlivens,  enriches  and 
Ipeautifies  it  j  the  firaple  tuif  diat  bedecks  the  ground,  will  only  pre- 
serve its  verdure  in  fuch  places  as  he  iias  expoled  to  the  fun  and  ajr  i 
the  timid  bird  that  flies  from  his  light,  the  wild  bead  that  tremble^ 
at  his  approach,  dwell  only  in  thole  fequtllered  haimts  and  folitary 
places  which  furround  him  at  a  remote  dillance.  If  curiofiiy  has 
fometimes  urged  me  to  penetrate  tar  into  tliofe  gloomy  forelts,  I  there 
no  longer  heard  the  voice,  no  longe;,traced  the  veitiges  of  animated 
beings,  but  vvalked  only  thro'  pat h'.>5ls  groves,  and  upon  the  faded 
ruin?  of  the  vegetable  world.  Saddenning  at  tbi^  mournful  filence, 
and  the  viev;  ot  thofe  lonely  objeih  whicb  difcover  no  traces  of  tho 
dominion  of  my  own  fpecies  over  the  wild  genius  of  nature,  I  haften- 
td  to  revifit  places  and  abodes,  better  calculated  t«  enliveji  and  gra- 
tify the  foul  of  fenfibility. 

The  knowledge  of  the  birds  of  this  country  will  conftitute  one  o£ 
the  moft  interelting  parts  of  its  natural  hiftory,  I  have  feen  in  Con- 
nefticut  a  kind  offtarling,  the  middle  part  of  vhofe  wings  is  of  a 
deep  red  ;  and  have  obfervcd  another  bird  of  jhe  colour  of  thofe 
brought  from  the  Canary  Ifuuids,  but  foniewhat  larger.  What  thejr 
call  the  Virginian  nightingale  is  more  commonly  met  with  as  you 
advance  to  the  South,  but  ha?  no  refemblance  to  ours;  it  is  larger 
and  its  head  and  belly  are  of  a  red  like  that  of  the  Bowvreuil.*  If 
Nature  has  been  more  bouniifuj  to  it  in  refpeft  of  plumage,  (he  haa 
neverthelefs  been  far  from  granting  it  fo  melodious  a  voice  as  ours. 
The  mocking  bird,  almoft  the  fize  of  a  thruth,  fpQtted  with  white 
and  grey,  has  the  faculty  of  mimicking  all  other  birds  that  it  hears. 
The  humming  bid  which  they  fay,  I'ves  only  on  the  jujce  of  flow- 
ers, is  common  enough,  but,  by  the  rapidity  of  its  motions,  there, 
are  few  perfons  that  have  ever  had  a  dirtinft  view  of  it. 

The  fquirrtlsare  of  a  pale  alh  grey,  larger  than  ours,  very  com- 
mon in  the  wo  )ds,  and  eafy  to  be  tamed  ;  thofe  called  flying  fquir- 
rels  are  of  a  darker  grey,  and  fmaller  in  fize  than  the  other  j  their 
Ikin  is  large  and  loofe  c^uite  tg  the  extremities  of  the  paws,  whicli 
they  extend,  when  rhey'leapfrom  one  branch  of  a  tree  to  another, 
and  thus  are  enabled  to  make  ufe  o?  :i  greater  c^uantity  of  air,  to  fup-" 
port  themfelves  upon,  as  a  bird  does  in  flying. 

The  whole  country,  frbm  Bofton  to  Providence,  is  level ;  and  I 
have  in  this  extent  met  with  hrooV;s,  which  we  couk'  cill  rivers  j— . 
their  beds,  in  thofe  places  where  I  p.nfTed,  looked  as  if  they  had  beca 
"hollowed  out  of  a  foil  of  foft  and  fpungy  If  one,  of  a  grey  and  red 
complexion.  I  met,  too,  with  fume  blocks  of  petrified  clay,  iikI*>- 
fir.!?- pebbles  or  round  flints,  which,  when  tlruck  upon,  wcitcaluy 
laofencd,  and  lefi  the  mark  of  their  form  therein. 

The  whole  State  of  Connefficut  is  ovtrcd  w'ith  little  hills,  biittntt 
country  is  "ot  fufficiently  cleared  of  the  wood,   nor  sre  they  of  iucli 
a  fize  that  we  can  calily  determine  their  general  dircfllijus  :  for  rhe 
'■■•.''  HlOlt^v 


Wl 


,    -■  .1' 


•it::. 
'Vf:  ■ 


t« 


^EW      Tli^Ay^LI 


Uiqll  part,  we  can  only  rank  them  in  that  claTs  of  hills  which  lutu- 
piiftsdenominnte  reQ()ndary.  They  are  often  cut  through,  in  order 
to  render  the  defcent  leis  Itecp,  aj^d  appear  to  me  to  be  nothing  bat 
a  mafs  of  Hones  ot  dJiTerent  kiiuls  and  various  rizes,with  their  corners 
broken  and  blunted.  Many  of  them  are  more  than  a  cubic  foot  \n 
thicknefs,  and  fnnys  three  or  four  j.  the  crevice*  between  them  being 
iilled  with  a  vegetable  earth,  that  has  little  or  no  adbercncy  to  the. 
itone.  The  Airface  of  the  foil  i<  covered  with  the  fi»me  kmd  of  pe- 
trifaftions,  tiie  woods  and  field b**.' bod nd  with  them  throughout,  an4 
to  get  rid  ot  tfiem  the  inhabitants  oft?'e  country  either  throw  them 
in  heap.i,  or  pile  them  up  carelefsly  in  form  of  a  wall,  on  the  line* 
that  bound  their  poffeilions.  Thefe  ftones,  from  forrtc  trials  I  have 
nvade  upon  them  with  aguafortis,  I  find  to  confift  of  a*gravelly,  gritr' 
ty  i'ubltance,  but-  not  fubjed  to  diilblution  by  fire  :  Here  is  alfo  the 
ipat  Ito/ie,  (or.illnglafs)  quire  pure,  and  great  plenty  of  talc  i  and 
otbers  of  tlV^fe  rocks  abouud  with  ferruginous  particles,  upon  which 
Ihfi  load  (tone  aits  with  confidereble  eftedV.  .  » 

T!ie  State  of  New- York,  ftilJ  more  mountainous,  and  the  territo- 
ry of  Piiili;>fburg,  wliere  we  are  now  encamped,  pre fents  the  fame r 
objefls  to  our  vie^v.   .  So  many  millions  of  theie  (tones,  lying  in  he«ipa^ 
am)  (cJtiered  through  the  fpace  of  more  than  two  hundred  milei,  are 
the  n\olt  certain  and  authentic  monupients  of  the  long  continuance 
of  the  waters  on  thefe  countries..   Torrents  dnd  rivers  could  never 
have  thus  royn^ed,  intermixed  and  thrown  them  in  heaps  {  the  fef> 
sloae  mult  have  ieperated  them  by  flow  degrees,  Scattered  them  into. 
different  parts,  te-uuited,  and  impre(fed  on  themthe(i5  general  forms 
by  ii  continual  at-trition  :  But  however  attentively  I. have  confidered 
things,  I.  have  not  yet  been  able  to  find  any  v^ftiges  of  animal  petri--" 
facti^ms,  or  of  trees  .indfliells.     The  North-river  has,  in  and  aboul; 
vs  bed,  very  Few  ilonea  of  the  granite  kind,  but  plcntv  of  marblcj^; 
free  itone  and    (late.  .        '    •  ^,> 

As  we  approach  tov^ards  New  York,  between  the  Lines  of  both 
Arinies,  we  lee  more  and  more  of  the  forrowtul  vertiges  of  war  and- 
de(o)atii)n,— — the  boulcs  plundered,  ruined,  abandoned  or  burnt,i 
Tiieie  Americans  fo  foft,  pacific  and  benevolent  by  nature,  are  here 
transfoi  iiied  into  moniters  implacable,  bloody  and   ravenous  j  partv 
rage    has  kiuflled  a  fpirit  ot  hacred  bet<iveec  them  ;  they  attack  and 
jot)  end)  other  bv  turns,  deltroy  dwelling  houfes,  or  e(taU)i(h  them^- 
frJves  therein  by  driving  out  thofe  whohad  before  difpoflefl'ed  others.** 
War,  liiat  terrible  fcourge  to  arts  and  population,  i-sltill  more  fo  tO' 
the  morals  of  a   people,   becaufc  a  change  in  thefe  for  the    worfe  ic 
more  dirficult  to  re^j^ir,        .    ,  I  am  &c.— —      .^ 

LETTER 

*  S»mc  of  ij:emy  lying  in  amhufcade fired  ufon  rwo  of  eur  Jidt  de  camp 
ixnd  vpnn  M.  hertbiiry  as  thty  nvere gt>nn'  to  }nake  fame  olffrxations  Jtpon 
New  iWk.  Th:!y  '-.verst  ho-ive<ver,  ^urfued,  one  takeiiy  and M.  Bcrtlnei^ 
ktlled  another  <whh  hi:  oimn  hanci  ^fo  tki^ getithman  and  his  lirolhirive 
die  indt:t)ttdfor  an  txaSi  viap  of  the  count*'y,  containing  the  vjboU  rout  g/* 
th(  French  armjfrom  Neivpori  to  Turk  in  Virginia, 


s  ■■ 


i   ! 


THROUGH     AM  E  R  I  C  a; 


«,9i 


jLETXER  in,    Jun£fhnoflbe  French  <uid  Ameriean  armlet  at  Philip/* 

'"  hurgt—'WeflPoint.'^Expeditionofapariy  ofEngliJh  to  Tarry -Tonvn.'^ 
Brawrj  of  thirUin  Erench  Joldiers.'-A  detachment  of  French  andAme* 
ncanst  march  to  reconnoitre  the  loorks  at  N»'wTork.-—GeneralWafb' 
MgtnH,'--P.emarks  upon  the  American  army, '-'Their  military  drefsy  and 
manner  of  living. — Difcipline, — Uncertainty  of  the  ohjeSloftheVampaigH* 

^;  "Farious  opinions.-  -Improbability  offucceeding  in  an  attack  uponNew^ 
Yorkf.. Marquis  ae  la  Fayette t  and  bis  army  in  Virginia.— A  tnarch  to  tk^ 
Southward  not  tj^likelj. 


"^: 


Campt  «'  Philipjburg,  Auguji  4,,  1781. 


THEchtefob^eiV  of  our  marching,  was  to  form  a  .jun£tion  with 
thearmy  of  eicneral  Wafhington  :  this  jun^^ion  was  eftefted 
ft  Philip(burg.  The  Americans  arrived  there  about  the  fame  time 
lire  did, having  been  before  entrenched  upon  theymountains  of  Welt- 
Poiat,  that  command  the-  North-River.  The  ftreain  being  very  nar- 
row in  this  part,  the  Americans  have  built  forts  upon  each  fide,  the 
bhtteries  of  which  traverfe  each  other.  The  fort  upi»n  the  left  fide, 
is^iituated  upon  a  ijip  of  land  that  runs  out  into  the  river,  covered  on- 
the  eall  by  a  marfh^and  only  open  on  the  north.  An  arnriy  is  there 
in  actuation  to  repel  an  attack  from  a  far  fuperior  force,and  the  bat- 
teries of  the  forts  can  prevent  any  veflTel  whatever  trom  failing  farther 
^ip  '  This  fituation  isYhe  more  important  to  the  Americans,  iis  the 
Englifli  are  atprefent  mafters  of  New- York,  and  coniequently  com- 
mand the  entrance  of  the  North-^iver; 

*^  As  allies,  we  are  encamped  to  the  left  of  the  Americans,  and  their 
right  is  extended  upon  the-North-River,  as  low  as  Dobb's  ferry  :  our 
left  is  upon  a  little  river  called  the  Brunx.  The  pofition  of  both  ar-' 
rtiies  is  upon  condderable  heights,  and  a  d?ep  valley  feparates  us.-* 
We  are  not  more  than  fifteen  miles  from  New-Vork,  but  to  get 
there,  we  fhouldbe  under  the  neceflity  of  marching  down  the  whole 
length  of  the  i/land,ftnd  traverfing  a  country  full,  of  armed  refugees. 
The  French  army,  ever  fince  it  began  its  march,  had  been  parcel* 
Jed  out  into  diftin£t  regiments,  but  upon  our  appioach  toNew^Yorkji 
it  was  re<united  into  a  brigade.  Being  now  necelTitated  to  mareKin 
31  f ingle  column,  and  having  our  baggage  waggons  drawn  by  oxen,. 
our  progrefs  was  proportionably  flow  and  ^onti)red,  the  whole  hpdyi 
occupying  an  extent  of  feveial  mWtt.  We  had  alfo  to  fear,  Italic  m 
thefe  mountainous  and  woody  regions  parties  of  the  enemy  might  conne 
^  and  fall  upon  our  baggage  and  artillery,  burn  thtm,  and  hamltripl; 
the  oxen  and  horfes,  before  we  could  have  ir  in  our  power  to  relieve, 
them.  Thefe  lolTes,  in  our  fiiUation,  would  have  been  irreparable  | 
the  Engli^,  however,  although  greatly  interefted  in  preventing  our 
joining  the  Americans,  never  made  the  lead  movement  to  hinder  it. 
■  A  march  of  two  hundred  and  fifteen  milei  through  the  moft  ex- 
Cfilive  heats,  in  a  country  very  defective  in  fupplies  for  an  army, 
where  the  foldier  it  often  in  want  of  l)r,ead,  and  i<)  obliged  to  c&rrjr 
]^rQvir;9iu  for  fever;4  ^»J*  with  bimi  ))ai  neverthdcls  made  fewer  in- 


%'^'«j 


m 


i'll    »., 

m 

■m 


T 1  i\ '' 


i^ 


NEW      TRAVELS 


Valit?s  among  u«,  than  if  we  hnd  hid  Hill  in  a  garrifon.  It  is  tr^t 
(the  ftri<it  attention  of  the  fnpeiior  olRceis  has  greatly  confrii)U|ea 
thereto,  in  never  luffciing  thi;  men  to  drink  water,  except  with  u 
quantity  of  rum  intermixed,  to  take  away  its  injuriotis  qualities.  M.' 
le  Comte  Saint-Maime,  Coiunel  cunr^mandant  de  Soiflbnn^is,  always 
nt  each  halt,  and  each  place  of  encamping,  fetit  out,  and  purchafed 
barrels  of  cider,  which  he  caufed  to  hediltributed  among  hit  troops, 
at  a  very  low  rate.  His  ex.tmple  was  af^erwafd*  l"ollo\yed  by  ^he 
other  corps,  aild  produced  the  happielt  efFefls. 

The  English,  iince  our  encamping  with  the  Americans,  having 
lati.^  a  plan  to  intercept  the  fiipplies  *e  received  from  the  back  coun- 
try by  means  of  the  North  River,  fent  up  a  t'^'enry  gun  frigate,  and 
iome  rtoops  aa  far  as  Tarry-town,  a  village  fituatfcrf  fix  miles  npbn 
the  light  Hank  of  the  rear  of  the  army.  Two  hundred  men  made' 
an  a^empt  to  land,  ajid  the  fifll  comjvany  that  difembarked  had, 
time  to  fee  fire  to  fome  great  gun  carriages,  to  a  batteau,  and  to  take 
«if  another  loaded  with  fix  thoufand  rations  of  bread  ^  but  a  fcr» 
geant  of  the  regiment  of  SoifFonnais,  and  twelve  foldiers,  forced  them 
tore-embark,  and  even  entered  waiftdeep  into  the  wqter  to  piiifu^ 
them,  and  hindered  the  reft  from  coming  on  fliore.  This  lirft  fca^ 
of  tile  French  aims  in  America  gave  the  UnglilK  fome  idea  of  what 
they  were  to  expeft  from  ftie  united  efforts  of  a  whole  corps. .  The 
commanding  oHicers  ftrqve  who  flxould  he  toremoft  in  beftowi'ng^ 
praiics  upon  thele  brave  foldiers :  ♦'  My  general  (anfwcred  the  fer- 
geant  to  IVI.  le  Baron  de  Viomenil,  who  was  extolling  his  bravery  IQ 
the  fkies)  I  am  indebted  to  the  good  advice  and  bravery  of  my  cor- 
poral iov  what  I  have  done,  for  he  perfe6i;ly  feconded  my  endea- 
vours." Courage  is  not  a  rare  virtue  in  France,  but  mbdelty,  i| 
IbmewUat  more  lb,  and  yet  this  was  a  pattern  of  the  moH  perfe6^ 
modelty,  in  i  circumltance  very  delicate  for  a  foldier.  I  have,  I  af-' 
fare  yoj,  heard  wilh  pain  t  fuperior  officer  find  fault  with  the  en- 
comiums that  were  given  thefe  men,  and  blame  M.  le  Baron  de  Vio- 
Rirnil  for  having  afterwards  invited  them  to  dine  with  him.— •Can 
virtue  ever  be  too  much  honoured,  or  too  w  it  rewarded  ! 

IJat'eiie?  were  eie6\ed  in  halte,  as  low  as  Dobl)s's  ferry,  and  when 
the  Engliih  fiigate  and  floops  came  down,  they  had  to  fiilliiin  a  very 
heavy  cannonade  :  a  fhell  from  a  mortar  piece  fei  the  frigates  faili 
on  fire,  and  terror  and  confufion  feemed  predominant  among  the 
crew,  twenty-two  of  whom  threw  themfelves  overboard  into  the 
river,  and  were  moftly  drowned.  ' 

General  VVafhirigton,  having  fignif^ed  his  intentions  of  reconnoit* 
rifig  the  fortifications  of  New -York;  two  thoufand  PVench,  jnd  as 
miny  Americans,  fet  out  on  their  march  to  efcort  him,  and,ii^t  break*- 
<;f  day,  found  tiien^felves  within  cannon  (hot  of  the  enemy's  intrench- 
jnents  :  they  remaiiVed  there  two  days,  while  the  Englidi  contented 
themfelves  with  now  and  then  firing  a  cannon,  and  obferving  theit 
niotio.K.  It  a  diliance. 

I  have  feen  General   Washington,   that   moft  {ingular    v.,kn—*.. 
the  fjul  and  the  fupport  of  ons.  of  the  gr^atett  Revolutions  that    has 
ever  happened,  orcan  happen  fjgain.  I  fixed  my  eyes  upon  him  with 
that  keen  attention,  which  the  flight  of  a  great  man  always  inCpires—     , 
We  naturally  entertain  a  fecret  hope  of  difi^veringin  the  features  of 
fuch  iliu(triou5  men,  {o\nc  ti;aces  ot  that  excellent  genius  which  dil- 

eievates  them  aL«ve  their  fellow  mortals, 


tinguiU;e&  thou  froui>  and  eiev: 


Ferhaj^ 


THRdubfT     AMERICA; 


5* 


F«rhaps  the  exterior  of  no  man  wat  ever  better  calculated  to  gratify, 
tbefe  expedations  than  that  ot  General  WaUiington  i  He  is  o  i  a  tall 
and  noble  Itature,  well  proportioned,  afine,  chearful,open  counte- 
nance, a  (iinple  and  modell  carriage  j  and  his  wliple  mien  has  fome« 
thing  in  it,  that  inteiefts  the  French,  the  Americans,  and  even  ene- 
mies themfeives,  in  his  favour.  Placed  in  a  military  view,  at  tlie 
held  of  a  nation,  where  each  individual  has  a  (hare  in  the  fuprema 
legiAative  aiuhoriiy,  and  whcie  the  coercive  laws  are  yet  in  a  great 
degree  deltitute  of  vigour,  where  the  climate  and  manners  can  ad4 
but  little  to  their  energy,  where  the  fpirit  of  party,  private  interelti, 
ilownefs,  and  national  indolence  fl.ikcn,  I'ufpend  and  overthrow  the 
beft  concerted  meafures  j  although  io  fituated,  he  has  found  out  z 
method  of  keepi'ig  his  troops  in  the  moil  abfohite  fubordination  :  ma-; 
king  them  rivals  in  praifing  him  j,  fearing  hi™  even  when  he  isfilent^ 
and  retaining  their  full  confidence  in  him,  after  defeats  and  di/grac«. 
His  reputation  has  at  length  arifen  to  a  moit  brilliani  pitch  ;  3n4 
he  may  now  grafp  at  ihe  molt  unbounded  power,  jwitli out  provoking 
envy,  «r  exciting  fufpicions.  lie  has  ever  ftjo'wn  himfelf  fuperior  fo 
fortune,  and  in  themolV  trying  advcrfity  has  difcovered  reiources  till 

-  then  unknown  ;  and  as  it  hisabiliJcs  only  increafcd  and  dilated  at 
the  profpeit  of  diffi-culty,  he  is  never  better  fupplied  than  when  he 
feems  dettitute  of  every  thing  :  nor  hate  his  arms  ever  been  fo  fatal 
to  his  enemies,  as  at  the  very  inltant  when  they  thought  they  haA 
Crushed  him  forever.— •■■  It  is  his  to  excite  a  ipirit  ot  heroifm  antl 
enthufiafm  in  a  people,  who  are  by  nature  veiy  little  fufcepiible  of  it  j 
to  gain  oyer  the  relpeit  and  homage  of  thiole  whofe  intereft  it  is  to 
retufe  hj  and  to  execute  his  plans  and  projects  by  means  unknowt) 
even  to  thofs  who  are  the  initruments  j  he  is  intrepid  in  dangers, 
yet  never  feeks  them  but  when  the  good  of  his  country  demands  it, 
preferring  rather  to  temporize  and  aft  upon  the  dcfenCve,  becaiif* 
he  knows  fucha  mode  of  conduct  beft  fuits  the  genius  and  circum- 
ftances  of  his  nation,and  that  all  he  and  they  have  toexpeft,  depends 
tjpon  time,  fortitude,  and  patience  :  he  is  frugal  and  fober  in  regard 
to  himfelf,  but  profufe  in  the  public  caufe  ;-, -like  Peter  the  Great, 
he  has  by  defeats  condufled  his  army  to  vidlory  ;  and  like  Fabius, 
but  with  fewer  refources  and  more  difficulty^he  has  conquered  with- 
out fighting,  and  fa\ed  hi»  flountrv. 

Such  ^re  the  ideas  that  arife  in  tl.  •  mind,  at  the  fight  of  this  great 
man,  in  examining  the  events  in  which  he  has  had  a  ftiare,  or  in  lik- 
ening to  thofe  whofe  duty  obliges  them  to  be  near  his  perfon,  and 
confequ^ntly  can  beft  difplay  his  truecharafter.— —  In  all  rhefe  ex- 
tenfive  dates,  they  confider  him  in  the  light  of  a  beneficent  God,  dii- 
penfing  peace  and  happinefs around  him.'  Old  men,  women  and 
children,  prefs  about  him  when  he  accidentally  pafles  along,  and 
think  them  (elves  happy,  once  in  their  lives,  to  have  Icen  him — they 
follow  him  through  the  towns  with  torches,  and  celebrate  bis  arriv- 
al by  public  illuminations.- The  Americans,  that  coolund  ftdtit):',, 

people,  who  in  the  midft  of  their  moft  trying  diflicukics,  have'at:-.. 
tended  only  to*  the  directions  and  impulfes  of  plain  method  and  com- 
tnon  reafbn,  are  roufed,  animated  and  inflamed  at  the  very  mention 
of  hip  name  ;  and  the  firft  longs  that  fentiment  or  gratitude  has  di<i<. 

, fated,  have  been  to  celebrate  General  Wafidngton..       '/^ 
^It  is  uncertain  how  many  men  his  army  confifts  of  c^$56^!y  :  foxA't 

ifff  only  fgUf  or  five  Uiouliuid,  but  tltis  Gca^iiU  kftti  alw2»>s  'oui  d 


M 


.v^ 


.«.  ''ii 


:?(.»;■ 


■>">1 


■  If  •■■,'' ■■/'J   n 


''Mm: 


:^M- 

■mm 


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i*  NEW     T  R.  A  V  E  L  i   . 

*  ,■     :■  If. 

meant  to  conceal  the  real  humbel*,  even  from  thofe  who  cOnfp^rv/i  \i, 
i9metimes  with  a  few  troops  he  forms  a  fpacious  cattipi  and  increa<' 
tes  the  number  of  tents  )  at  other  times  with  a  great  number,  he 
contrails  it  to  a  narrow  comparx ;  then  again  b^  detaching  them  in- 
fi^fibiy,  the  whole  camp  is  nothing  more  than  the  mere  (keletonand 
ihadow  of  an  army,  while  the  main  bod/^is  tranfported  to  a  diftant 
part  of  the  countr)r.       /  » 

Neither  do  thefe  trOops  in  general  wearregular  unifortfis  i  but  the 
•fficersand  ir^orps  of  artillery  are  obliged,  without  exception,  to  Aich 
diftin6(ion.  Several  regimen'.s  have  fmail  white  frock8,with  fringes, 
which  look  well  enoti|;h  }  alfc  linen  over  iAlls^  large  and  full,  whici^ 
are.  very  conveniei)t  m  hot  weather,  and  do  not  at  all  hinder  titi 
free  u(e  ot  the  limbs  i.i  matching  :  with  food  lefs  fubllantial,  and  M 
f  onftitution  of  body  lefs  vigorous  than  our  people,  they  are  better  able 
to  fuppett  fatigue,  and  perhaps  for  that  very  reafon.    This  advan-r 

.^iage  in  dref',  1  believej  has  not  b6en..fufBciently  confidered  lit 
l^rance.  We  are  apt  to  confult  the  gratification  of  the  ^ye  toaiar« 
and  forget  that  troops,  were  defigoed  to  aA,  and  nof  merely  to  (how 
themfelves  and  their  finery.<  The  nK>ft  proper  appar*-.!  w«uld  bd 
that,  which  being  as  little  burdenlbme  as  poflible,  woQld  cover  the 
fotdier  beft,  and  incommode  him  the  leaft.  The  regiment  oi  SoifTon* 
iiais  has  in  all  this  tedious.march,  had  the  feweft  ftragglers  and  fick 

.  ofany  other)— one  <^the  priricipal  caufes  was,  without  doubt,  the 

I trecaotjion  of  the  Colonel,  who,  on  purpofe  for  the  campaign,  hadl 
inen  breeches  made  for  his  whole  regiment. 
..The  American  military  habit,  aUhough  eafy.to  be  foiled, is  never- 
thelef^  very  decent  and  neat  ;  this  neatnefs  is  particularly  obfer^able 
amonj^  the  officers :  to  fee  ihem,  you  would  fuppofe  they  were  equip* 
ped  with  every  neceiTary  in  the  compleateft  manner,  ancf  yet  upon 
entering  their  tents,  where  perhaps  three  or  four  refide  together,  t 
have  often  been  aftonilhed  to  find,  that  their  whole  travelling  equip* 
age  and  furniture  would  not  weigh  forty  pounds ;  few  or  none  have 
iDatraflTes  ;  a  ilnglerugor  blanket,  ftreched  out  upon'the  rough  baric 
tf  a  tree,  ferves  them  for  a  bed  ;  the  foldiers  take  the  fame  precau* 
tion  never  to  fleep  on  the  ground,  whilft  ours  prefer  it  to  any  otbefr 
way. 

Their  manner  of  living  i«  very  fimpfe,  and  gives  them  but  little 
trouble  }  they  content  themfelves  with ,  boiling  their  meat,  9ncl 
parching  their  cqrn,  or  baking  unleavened  dough,  made  of  Indian 
sheal,  upon  the  hot  embers, 

lii  fome  regiments  they  have  negre  companies,  but  always  com* 
tfianded  by  the  whites. 

Their  difcipHne  is  exceeding  fevered  apd  the  power  <tf  the'iofficera 
ever  the  foldiers  is  almoft  unlimited,  lafhing  them  with  whips,  an4 
beating  them  with  canes  tor  theflighteft  faults  j  I,  with  fomcFrench 
officers,  was  accidentally  a  witnels  to  their  rigorous  mode  bf  chaflife- 
ment ;  the  criminal  was  tied  to  the  wheels  of  a  rannon  carriage,  hi( 
moulders  naked,  his  arms  ftretched  out,  in  order  to  give  the  mufciet 
their  greateit  tention,  and  in  thi$  fituation  every  foldier  in  th^  com- 
pany came  up  and  gave  him  a  certain  number  of  ftrokes,  with  a 
large  whip,  which  fooi^  covered  him  with  blood  j  what  aflonlfhcd  ul 
nioll,and  detained  us  the  longer  at  this  difagreeablefpedabie,  was,tba( 
imofthiSi  vaahA^py  colpnts^  wbo  betU  iulcrcd  the  fame  degree  «{ 


foJ 


is. 

of  I 


r     I 


THROUGH      AMERICA; 


S2 


punHhment,  n«ver  uttered  the  lead  groan  or  complaiat,  or  f/iewi-d 
gny  (igiit  ot  fear.  It  this  courage,  or  is  the  natural  ftnfib.  oi 
mankind  lefs  acute  among  a  people,  where  the  air  of  the  torf/.s  anl 
the  conflant  ufage  of  tea  and  milk,  fotten  and  relax  the  hbres  to  a 
rood  allonilhing  degree  i      :     ■    ■ 

Notwuhdanding  the  afiVual  appearance  of  our  Generals  before  Ncyr 
York,  the  objtift  ot  the  prel'cnt  campaign  remains  very  uncertain  s 
ibniefay  the  Americans  ar«  ^ired  of  the  vyar,  and  difcontented  with 
our  ina(5livity,  and  for  that  rcafon  the  Frenr^h  army  has,  joined  thcnj, 
folely  to  re-aninlate  their  drooping  courage.  It  is  aH'o  repoi  ted,  that 
iince.the  defection  of  Arnold,  General  Walhington,  not  altof  ether 
fatisficd  with  the  fi«l«Iity  of  his  arrn^*  has  come  to  a  refolution  of 
trulting  the  impoitant  poft  of  Well  Paint  to  the  French.  The  views 
of  this  General,  in  my  opinion,  extend  farther  than  ail  thib.  We 
have  jult  learnt  that  M.  de  Barras,  commajuler  of  our /quadron  at 
Jlhode-.Iiland,  has  received  fome  tidings  of  M.  d«  Crajfe,  and. has  fcit 
him  a  frigate,  with  a  number,  of  pilots  on  board  tor  thel'e  coalls^ 
This  looks  as  if.Ncw-York  wastl^eir  qbjett.  That  Ifland  and  city 
is,  at  pre  lent,  thegenerc'l  (lorehoufe  ofthe  EoglKh,  and  the  centre; 
of  their  operations  ;'  the  pofTefTion'of  this  place  enables  them  to  hold 
an  eafy  communication  with  tbeii  territories  to  the  north  and  fouth, 
and  at  the  fame  time  to  menace  the  interior  parts  of  the  adjacent 
country  by  msans  of  Hud  Ton's  river,  and  prevent  the  fuices  of  the 
North  Eallern  States  froni  advancing  to  the  booth Aard  \  it  is  alfoa 
iecure  receptacle  for  their  fleets,  where  thtry  can  plan  and  prepare 
for  their  offenftve  operations,  in  the  Wcfi  India  ifiuids,  T!je  cap- 
ture of  this  place  would  be  a  dtcifive  ftroke  ,  and  from  the  momc u^ 
fuch  an  event  take^ place,  the  Engliih  mult  forever  renoiivice  tiie  hop-J 
of  fubjetVing  the  States;  and  in  their pjefent  exhaultrd  I'nuation,  Idoi 
not  fee  how  thcy.would  even  repair  the  Ids  of  the  Itoi  e&  ar.d  tl;e  troops,  ■ 
■I  Charleftown  and.&avannah,  having  tp  oppufs  th*-  whole  ijupref- 
non  and  (Irength  pf  the  American  continental  forct^,  would  mak^ 
V>ut  a  poor  defence,  and  the  iflands,  Itiil  more  ciifficult  to  be  jtlievca 
by  timely  afliftance,  wo.uld  lie  entirely  at  the  m^rty  of  .at»  cr.emy. 

,  On  the  other  hand,  Ne\y-Yoik  is  well  fortified  and  defended,  botU 
by  land  and  water,  and  the  fortificatiqns  very  extenfivt  j  it  is  bertdes^^ 
garrifoned  by  the  belt  troops  of  Gieat  Britain,  amounting  to  fifteen 
thouiand  men,  including  the  troops  railed  in  the  country  ;  fo  that  to 
lay  fiege  to  New  York  there  would  be  wariiting,  bsfules  a  fupesior 
maritime  force,  at  lealf  thirty  thnufand  men  5  whereas,  uur  combined 
army  does  not  amount  to  much  moit  than  ten  thoufand  ;  it  'S  tiue 
the  militia  of  the  country  may  be  colleitril,   but  thc/e  are  notiiug 
more  than  undilciplined  troops^.,  ifie  duration  of  wliofe  feivice  js  ai« 
Vays  limited  ;  and  what  could  fuch  do  apainil:  regular  force:,  well  in- 
trenched, and  inured  to  all  the  dangcts  and  harolhips  of  war,  for.  fijc 
er  feven  campaigns?  Even  the  French  army, however  breve  aod  well 
^ifcipiined  it  may  be,  is  com.poled  of  troops,  vei y  few  oi  .v>hcun  have 
<ver    been  in  a  battle.     At  any  rate,  a  (iege  of  this  plnce  wytild  be 
long  and  tedious,  and  as  to  the  fquadron  of  M.  de  GrafTc,  w^  know  it 
cannot  leave  the  Weft  India  iilands  till  the  Hurricane  feaibn  cvuies 
pn,  and  can  only  remain  here  during  that  feafon,  oiherwifc  his  pro- 
}e<^fd  operj^tions  in  thole  Teas  would  fail,  and  oyr  pcirefHons  lie  ex* 
^oied  to  the  enemy. 


....^ 


KtB 


m 


I 


1^1 


yLM 


34 


NEW      TRAVELS 


Tf,  on  the  other  hand,  this  important  eitpedition  (honid  fail,  aft 
tvould  be  ruined  :  the  Americans  cxhaiiOeil,  snd  difcoaraged  at  tht 
revolt  of  Arnold,  panting  after  repo(e,  and  viewing  us  in  tl>e  light  of 
a  feeble  Ally,  would  lofe  courage,  turn  their  views  toward  peace» 
and  perhaps  purchafe  it  at  any  price  whatever. 

The  bouth  i»,  moft  probably,  the  real  objeft  of  this  camnaign  s 
Thofe  States  hnve  for  a  lon^  time  felt  all  the  miftries  of  war,  and  have 
been  wafted  alternately  by  friends  and  enemies.  Virginia  has  l)een 
the  fcfne  of  the  cruelties  and  devaftations  of  Arnold  j  and  Cornwal- 
3iK,  difquieted  at  the  news  of  our  marching,  has  quitted  Charleitown 
and  traverled,  with  a  large  body  of  troops,  the  Carolinas  and  Virgi- 
nia }  at  the  fame  time  plunde)«.igth(.  fettlements,  kidnapping  the  ne- 
groes, and  fpieading  death  and  defolation  wherever  he  happened  to 
march.  So  many  repeated  diftrefTes  and  lufles  have  difcouraged  the 
inhabitants,  and  inclined  them  to  do  any  thing  at  all  to  better  their 
iltuation.  The  arrival  of  our  army  among  them,  can  alone  free  them 
from  opprelRon,  and  revive  their  courage. 

Acer'ain  tivarrw\Marqu'ts  de  la  Fayette]  at  the  head  of  twrJve  or  fif- 
teen hundred  m^n,has  neverthelefs  mund  means  to  keep  his  ground  all 
this  time  in  Virginia  j  the  impetuous  Arnold,  and  the  adive  Corn- 
wailis,  not  daring  to  attempt  any  thing  againfl  him.  You  will  doubt* 
lefs  fuppotc,  that  this  nvarrior  is  one  of  hoft  men,  whom  long  expe« 
rience  and  brilliant  fucceffes,  have  tendered  formidable  to  the  enemy. 
This  leader,  T  .iflure  you,  'n  a  man  of  only  tweaty  four  years  of  age» 
vho  has  left  the  arms  of  an  afFe£liunate  and  amiable  wife,  arefidence 
among  pleafuies  and  high  life,  where  his  name,  and  an  alliance  with 
an  illuftrions  family,  opened  a  v»ay  to  the  grrateft  dignities,  to  come 
to  this  countryj  and,  under  th<  American  Fa  <  us,  defend  the  facred 
Caufe  of  liberty,  and  learn  lo  (erve  his  king  and  country^  The  word 
JMarquif,  which  has  been  fo  long  Ufed  among  us,  to  chara£ferize  fop. 
piih  ficklenefs  and  levity,  univerfally  excites  admiration  and  gratitude» 
at  the  very  mention  of  it,  throughout  the  American  world. 

A  fouthern  expedition  would  be  lefs  hazardous  in  its  nature,  and 
lefs  decifive  in  its  efFefts,  than  here,  but  more  prefiing  upon  the  enemy,- 
and  promifing  a  more  certain  prolptdt  of  fuccefs.  We  have  intelli- 
gence, that  Lord  Cornwallis  is  fortifying  at  York,  a  fmall  town  in 
Virginia,  fituated  upon  a  river  of  the  fame  name.  This  news  begins 
to  elevate  the  fpirits  of  the  French,  who,  if  they  could  once  bear  of 
the  arrival  of  M.  de  GrafTc,  would  conclude,  that  this  campaign 
would  not  yet  go  over  without  feme  confiderable  events. 

Several  of  our  officers  employed  their  leifure  time  hR  winter,  in 
making  a  tour  to  the  fouthward.  One  of  them,  M.  de  Saint  Viftor, 
Captain  in  the  regiment  of  SoifTonnais,  and  well  known  to  be  very 
(killFul  in  every  particular  that  regards  his  prottfTion  as  a  foldier,  and 
who  did  not  make  this  tour  without  reaping  confiderable  advantage 
f-rcm  ir,  has  viewed  Tork,  and  judges  it  incapable  of  being  fortified  to 
any  great  purpofe,  being  dcftitute  of  an  opening  for  a  retreat ;  io  that 
Jiaving  a  fquadron  that  could  command  Chefapeak-Bay,  in  his  opi« 
Hion,  we  could  foon  bring  the  enemy  to  what  terms  v»e  pleafe.       i 

7t  is  ditficnlt,  however,  to  perCuade  one's  felf,  that  Corni|allis,  who 
l^nows  the  country  fo  well,  and  has  acquired  fo  much  reJAtff^on  in 
this  war,  and  who  is  by  no  means  ignorant  of  the  motions  of  Our  ar« 
niies,*would  pitch  upon  fuch  a  fituation,  without  h<r  was  convinced 
lit  woaid  every  way  Aafwsr  l*it  purjpofti,    /^u^ntmy  U  oftentimet 

■IkfVW 


TH.tovoH     AMERICA,'*         0 

fcerer  more  to  be  dreaded,  than  when  he  appeari  to  giv      u  adran- 

tages  over  him. The  leafon  being  pretty  well  advance*,    v? «  can» 

not  remain  much  longer  in  a  ftatcV  uncertainty.  In  my  next  letter, 
I  hope  I  fliall  be  able  to  give  you  an  account  of  matters  with  a  grea- 
ter degree  of  precifion.  ^  *™»  &«• 

LETTER  IV.     NtwYork  menaced  by  the  Allied  Army  ott  fhy^deof 

King' s-lridge  and  Staten  IJand.'. The  pofiffion  of  this  ifland  ahjulute^ 

h  neceffaryt  before  any  attempt  can  be  made  upon  Long-IJlttnd  or  Nav 
ftrkt-^^-'Ardour  of  tie  troiftfor  a£liott. 


11 

1 1    ■•''  .? 


Camp  at  Philipjburg,  Augujf  15,  17J1, 


'Ci  :■;' 


GENERAL  Wathington  and  Count  Rochambeau  palfed  the 
I^orth  RiVera  few  daya  ago,  and  have  ever  fince  been  recon- 
noitring.    They  who  fuppofed  we  were  to  dire£l  our  rout  towardi 
Virginia,  begin  now  to  think  they  were  deceived  :  part  of  the  army, 
on  this  fide,  arc  preparing  to  march  down  by  the  way  of  King's- 
bridge  i  and  on  the  other  fide,  orders  are  given  to  get  ready  to  pro- 
ceed towards  Staten-Ifland,  and  even  to  conftru^  ovens  to  bake  bread 
for  the  troops,  when  arrived  in  that  quarter  }  others  again  are  ordered 
towards  Philadelphia. — What  are  we  to  tbink  i  All  this  feems  to  m9 
like  our  theatrical  marches,  where  the  concern  and  perplexity  of  tho 
fpef^ators  is  continually  increafing  ;  I  am  in  doubt,  whether  the  un- 
ravelling of  the  matter  will  compenl'ate  for  the  trouble,  anxiety,  and 
uneafiuefs  it  occafions. 

Staten-Irtand,  they  fjty,  is  garrifoned  by  eight  or  nine  hundred 
regular  forces,  fo  that  the  capture  of  it  would  be  a  moft  brilliant  af- 
fair I  It  is  feparated  from  Long-Ifland  only  by  a  (freight  ot  two  or 
three  miles  over,  and  our  being  fuch  near  neighbours,  would  perplex 
the  Englifh  greatly,  and  put  us  in   a  fitaation  to  attempt  (bmethirtg 
l]pon  the  larger  ifland,  with  a  better  profpefl  of  fuccefs.     Our  troops 
are  full  of  ardour  and  confidence,  and  the  feveral  comraandeis  fc^tn 
calculated  by  nature  tuinfpire  them  with  a  fpirit  of  boldnefs  and  en- 
terprizs.     General  WaOiington,  in  particular,  animates  them  byihii 
prefence,  by  the  idea  they  hav^of  his  military  tilents  j  by  his  local 
knowledge  of  the  country,  and  by  that  impenetrable  veil  of  fecrecy, 
under  which  he  revolves  and  matures  all  his  great  defigns.     It  is  faid 
the  army  will  move  in#  day  or  two,  which  will  enabieus  todeter^ 
mijae  the  better  to  wliat  quitrter  we  are  to  proceed.. 


t 


I,  am,  5cc# 


w   -'>  r- 


hf.XT 


rmeed 
Uimn 


8« 


NEW      TRAVELS 


LKTTER  V.     The  main  hoJy  of  ihe  arm)  returns  to  fforth  C^flh.»'-m 

Tie  auihtrloft  In  the  wooJ'^  and  in  %i^tut  danger  from  the  Btfugees.'^-^ 

TL'i  com'. in'fl forcer  march  into  the  Jerftys.—^-StaitM  Ijland  tbrtaiim^ 

nvitb  a'iiel'cent.     Sw prizing  inaiittity  nf  the  Englijb,  at  Ne<w  Tork, 

^-An  txpuiition  to  Virginia,    the  real  ohje^  of  the  army.'--'— Cintral^ 

vieio  nfSe  w-ferfe^j.—CharaSer  ^'//t<:/w//r.-— •Ti/  army  arri'yts 

4/  Princeton,  '     . 

■",  ^   '■ '    '  '  ' 

<.-..       Princfton,  Stpiimhr  tf  ijU, 


%  <oi 


AT  length,  Sir,  I  can  inform  you  tha>  the  army  left  Philip<bur| 
ih«'i9tl>,  oMilf  nnjiulv.  and  having  made  a  retrograde  move^ 
THcnr,  leiu  net-l  to  North  CiiJiU,  twenty  two    miles  dittant.     A  heavy 
rain  reudeicd  this  miich    very  diftifireeable,  for    inltead  of  reachtr^c 
^liat  place  at  ten  or  eleven  in    the  morning,  as  'vc  cxpcd^ed,  (»e  dicl 
llot  rji live  till  eight  o'clock  the  iitxt  day  }  both  cfiicfers  ami  fdldier* 
having  iVent  the  nigitt  in  the  road^  in  the  rrtoft  difmal  weatl)er,  and 
Watei  linif  Jej  liccp      Neither  was  I  exemj)t  from  the  general  misfor- 
tune i  tor  1  had  imi)i  udcntly  advanceti,  uriaccampanicd,  r>iTie  miles 
before  the. army,  and  g.>t  into  a  rorad  infeiled  witl'"Kelugee8  (Who  ne- 
ver grant  quarter  to  Krtncbmeii)  where  a  doihcltic  of  mine  efcaped 
trom  then,  very  nairowlv,  a-nJ  had  he  not  been  armed,  would  doubt-' 
leis  have  lull  his  lifr.     They  have  lately  hanged  a'Sccretary  belong- 
ing to  or.e  iit  our  CommilVaries,  and  aitalRnatcd  an  officer  of  the  ler 
glon  or  tauzim  ,•  f"o  that  I  wiH  conf^fs  to  you,  when  I  found  myfelf 
alone  and  dcfencslcfs  in  thele  woods,"  I  was  in  dread  of  adding  to 
ttjc  nijn\l)er  of  thole  who  have  fallen  viflims  to  the  refentment  of 
tbete  enemies  of  lepuhlic.Hnilm  ;  yet  1  had  tht  good  fortune  to  arrive 
fvile  at  the  tamj>,  having  palled  the  night  without  tent  or  Ihelter  of 
^ny   ioir,  ill  etched  out  by  a  Targe  fire,  loalling  On  one  fide,  ^nd  half 
dru'^ned  on  the  otlier, — and  even  found  meatis  to  fleep  lijveral  hours. 
How  many  of  you  rich  fliiggards,  under  your  gilt  Cielings,  and  upon 
you<-  beds  of  down,  have  not  been  able  to  do  as  much  ! 

Tbe  inlubitants  of  the  country  were  greatly  furprifed  to  fe*  us 
ret  in  ning  the  fame  road  I'o  loon,  an'l  the  toriej,  with  a  malicious  fneer, 
demanded  ifivv  ivere  ^oing  to  reji  jrotn  our  labours  j  but  it  Was  not' 
long  before  they  difcoveied  the  feint. 

We  were  now  advanced  confiderably  up  the  North  river,  and  in 
thrae  days  were  as  high  as  King's  ferrv,  but  the  Americans,  having 
travelled  jtlong  the  river  fjde,  had  arrived  tilere  before  Us.  • 

Some  have  alledged,  that  if  the  Engliih'  had  fent  (ome  armed  vef- 
fels  lip  the  Hiidfon,  they  might  have  retarded  us  confiderably,  and 
done  ii«  infinite  mifchlef.  l  be  retrogratfe  march  that  we  made  by' 
order  of  General  WafiiHngton',  was  doubilefs  meant  to  divert  cheni> 
from  "his  BtttH)pl  5  but  neverthelefs,  after  the  trial  they  had  ».)f  the'' 
at»ilitier  of  oui  artillery  men,  they  niuft  have  known  they  would^-tiii' 
a  grf  at  ri  que  of  having  their  vcllels  Ueltroycd,  eliiceially  it  thcy'ha^" 
met  with  dims  or  contrary  winds.  •     >      .*  - ^^ 


->.% 


,-•  fr.^-t  ,1, 


"k 


THROVSK     AMERICA; 


I? 


The  allied  army  hai  croflfed  t  great  part  of  the  State  of  New  Jer« 
(ty,  drawing  a  Urgd  qu^intitv  of  battcavm  withthcni  upon  caniagfa, 
and  always  menaci^  Staten  iHnnd.  It  proceedi  in  two  columni,  (h^ 
Ikmeric  in«  t«jrn#||  that  next  to  the  frv,  altliongh  their  number  <loe» 
not  exceed  nve  ar  fix  thourand.  The  ini6)ivity  of  the  Knglilh,  at 
chit  critical  <noment|  ia  really  inconiprchenfible}  they  might,  with- 
out rifquing  a  p;reat  deal,  hairaft  our  army,  and  do  u$  irreparable 
miichief,  nnd  ttiey  have  all  the  reafon  in  the  world  to  make  luch  an 
attempt,  for  aithO'  General  Walhin^ion  han  had  the  dexterity  to  keep 
them  in  unicrt*inty  hitherto,  they  cannot  be  ignorant  that  we  are 
in  hourly  txpedlationa  of  the  arrival  of  Count  de  Graffc  upon  ihtiis 
coarts )  and  they  know  that  Adniiiai  de  fiarrat  has  embarked  all  hts 
heavy  cannon,  and  made  preparations  tor  failing.  It  is  their  inte- 
f«(t  to  prevent  the  junction  dt  our  forces,  and  what  more  favourable 
opportunity  could  there  be,  than  when  the  aimy  was  marching 
through  a  country  cov^ied  with  flcepmnuntains,  tbickfet  with  woods, 
and  interfered  with  rivers,  and  whcie  lor  want  oHupplics.the  troopi 
mutt  march  in  a  lefs  cpmpaft  Hate  than  thiy  would  other  wife  do. 
•  There  is  now  fcarcely  any  douht  but  that  we  are  goin^  to  Virginia, 
unlsis  we  luppoft  the  imin.'diate  arrival  ot  CuUnt  dc  GiaiTe  (hould 
Oblige  the  army  to  return  northwards. 

This  part  of  the  country  is  wholly  different  from  that  we  have 
hitherto  traverfcd  :  it  is  not,  like  Connecticut,  covered  with  Imall 
hills  lying  clofe  together,  which  render  tiavelling  quite  difficult,  ob- 
ftr'uA  the  view,  and  pi  event  one  from  foiiijin^a  clear  idea  of  the 
whole  fcene.  Many  ridges  of  mountains,  which  litem  to  be  br^nchei 
df  the  Apalachian,  ftretch  from  noith  ealt  :o  louth  weft,  and  foim 
tnteivahof  valt  and  beautiful  plilns,  which  the  hand  of  the  ^co- 
metrician  feems  to  have  finoothed  to  a  level.  Theie  plains  are  adorn- 
ed with  large  and  handlome  edi^ccs  i  and  the  country  abounds 
with  orchaids,  fields  of  wheat,  rye.'bailey,  indian  corn,  ainl  flourifli- 
ing  -voods  The  inhibitant.s,  for  the  lyoit  paic  of  AlCacian  and 
Dutch  defcent,  are  gay,  eafy  and  engaging  in  their  (uanners,  and 
refemble  the  happy  region  'tjjcy  inhabit.  Provifions  are  brought  in- 
to our  cnmp  from  all  quarters  {  and  thofc  that  bring  them  are  com- 
monly wealthy  people)  and  very  I'niike  our  traders  in  fruits  and 
pulfc.  You  will  often  (ce  the  women  decked  with  their  head  dreffes 
ind  gauzes,  riding  in  their  farm  waggons  to  market,  drawn  by  the 
molt  elegant  horfes. 

'  1  have  taken  the  pains  to  travel  over  the  fummits  of  thefe  higb_ 
'  mountains  of  Jerfey,  and  find  »l)cm  to  conl'tft  principally  of  rocks  of 
granite,  of  different  kir.ds,  adhering  very  clofe  together,  but  aqua 
tortis,  when  applied  theieto,  produces  no  ebullition  ;  ifniglafs  li 
found  here  likewife  in  the  freatcft  abundance.  Jf  thole  mountains, 
which  muft  ncceffarily  he  ranitcd  in  the  primitive  clafs,  owe  their 
origin  to  a  vitrified  matter,  which  had  once  been  in  a  ftate  of  fufion 
for  frveral  thoufand  years,  they  would  nectflaiily  b*  homogeneous 'j 
but  I  do  not  remember  that  I  evtr  found  heit  a  mixture  of  feveraV 
flibftances,  re  united  in  grains,  alVuming  regular  forms  and  different 
colours.  Be  that  a<i  it  will,  thefe  niountains  muff  have  undergone 
||reat  revolutions,  for  they  are  fplit  afundcrin  many  places,  and  frag- 
.1&3Ats  tf  a  pi-<)digioa(  bulk  are  removed  a  ccnltUcrable  diilance  from 
.   •     .    ■  ....  ^     .         i^cit    ' 


,i.t 


VI 


;•»■! 


•-.fV 


$• 


N  JL  W        T  R  A  V  ELS 


tl^tfr  **fft  fituation  :  upon  one  of  the  lofticft  of  thefe  hill»,  I  met«itl| 
♦  inolt  mcnftrous  block  of  ftone,  ftanding  by  Ufelf,  rounded  at  it* 
ai^tles,  lupMorted  upun  a  very  fm^ll  bafis,  and  apparently  upon  the 
point  of  ui.ribliBg  down,  and  rolling  away-^-what  was  ita  origin^ 
ooliticn,  or  v»ha  tuuld  have  raifed  it  to  this  height  ? 
"  The  village  of  Priucston  is  inconfiderable,  but  remarkable  for  itg 
ch;u i«ingli"jaiion,  elegant  houfes,  and  rtboye  all,  a  college  built  of 
ikow,  four  itones  high,  having  twenty  five  windows  in  the  front,  ia 
cacli  Itory.  In  the  college,  I  faw  two  grand  perforr^ances  of  mecha- 
uiii-n  ;  one  of  which  repi  tfents  the  motions  of  the  heavenly  bodies, 
»oc;)idiiig  to  the  fyftein  of  Newton  and  Copernicus.*     The  inventor 

ci-  it  is  an  American,  and  refides  at  Philadslphia.— I  ha?e  been 

aliured,  that  he  is  now  making  another,  exa£lly  fimilar,  to  preftnt  to 
tl^at  augull  Monarch,  whole  alliance  and  friendftiip  ought  forever  tOl 
excite  fcntiments  of  gratitude  in  the  minds  of  thefe  weftern  people* 


■  ' ;!";.;v. 


I  am,  &c. 


LETTER  vr.    TnxJott- 


-—The  beauty  of  itsjiualion.  ■■  ■       Rivtr 
-'fhe  capture  of  tf.i  Hejffians,  ia  lyjS, 

♦  ■  '  Trentorty  S^epiember  a,  l7Si. 

WE  were  yefterday  encamped  in  the  vicinity  of  a  very  agreeabkt 
little  town  -y  and  although  we  are  to  day  but  twelve  miles 
from  it,  we  are  come  in  view  of  another  not  at  all  inferior  to  it,,  in 
ideafarifneis  and  the  falubrity  of  the  air,  and  fituated  to  much  better 
^dvantaR'j  :  It  is  the  largeft  we  havefeenftncc  our  IeavingProvidence« 
*nd  lUnds  upon  the  north  eaftern  bankofth.e  Delaware,  twenty-fe- 
•a.u  miles  above  PhUadelphia.     This  advantageous  fituation,   makes 
it  a  plane  ot  confiderable. trade,  and  inttrcomfe  with  the  capital  oC, 
l^eai.iyivaiiia,  el'pecially  in  the  article  of  proyifions.     The  Delaware 
w  navi^;able  thus  far  up,  for  veflels  of  Tome  tolerable  burden,  but  af- 
iMwattls  becames  all  at  once  (o  ihallow,  that  a  little  above  the  town 
carriages  may  pafs  lafely  over  at  the  fording  places,  when  the  tide  is, 
©»t.     The  fhMes  of  this  river  have  nothing  of  that  gloomy  and  fa- 
rage  a'ped  obicrva  lie  on  the  Hudfon  ;  they  are,  on  the  contrary,  as 
hwti  and  pleafjnt  as  thofe  of  the  Loire.     The  foil  is  light  here,  as 
well  as  in  molt  other  places  we  have  leeh,  but  at  the  fitme  time  very 
excellent.     The  maize,  or  Indian  corn,  a  plant  that  infinitely  ex- 
ha\iils  the  ground,   grows  luxuriant  here,  even  in  thofe  lands  which 
have;  l>;sn  ci'ltiv-.ttd  tor  acintury  paft,  and  is  in  height  from  feven 
to  et^rht  feet  ;  the  Ilatks  are  plump  and  vigorous,  and  the  ears  long 
and  heavy. 
"  Generfl  Wafhington  has  rendered  this  place  famous  to  the  lateft 
times,  by  a  vidory,  in  which  he  fo  happjlj;  dif^lofed  the  amazing  re.- 
Iburces  of  his  genius. 

'  The  Engiilh  troops  in  T776,  being  ananged  in  cantonments,  for- 

,    jued  a  line  from  Brunfvvick,  on  the  river  Raritan,  to  the  DtlawaeCj^ 

f'-Mrttert  or  fitreen  hundied  men    vere  at  Trenton,  as  many  at  BoJ^' 

4?ntovvn,  and  a  third  corps  of  equal  Itrength  at  Burlington^  v^'^'l^lu 


•  This  ii  the  famQUi  Orrery  by  RiUtnboufe^ 


-% 


♦  M  R  e  c  o  H     A  M  E  U  1 C  A. 


ssf 


h  only  twenty  miles  from  PhUadelphia.  General  Wafbington's  army^ 
which  had  Icarcely  dared  to  ihow  itfelf  the  whole  cann)«ign,  ani 
was  everyday  growing  ^weaker  and  weaker,  left  the  Englilh  in  enjoy- 
menr  of  the  greateft  fccurity,  and  only  two  nights  freeeing  weatl>e*- 
vvauld  have  enabled  them  to  crofs  the  Deleware  on  the  ice,  and  t:\ht 
poffeflion  of  Philadelphia.  In  this  critical  fituation  of  affnii  s  xhcCoh'^r^fyi 
retired  to  Baltimore  in  Maryland,  and  America,  with  dread  and  cou. 
Vernation,  beheld  the  fatal  moment  approaching,  whea  lier  chains 
were  to  be  riveited  on  her  forever. 

General  Washington,  not  finding  himfelf  in  a  fituation  to  maiw 
iiead  againft  the  united  force  of  the  enemy,  formed  a  i\ei]gn.r){'  at-" 
tacking  them  feparately  :  In  hade  he  colltfled  the  militia  of  Peon* 
fylvania,  Maryland,  and  Virginia,  and  divided  the  yr|)ole  into  three 
bodies;  two  could  not  pafs  the  Delaware  for  the  ice,  hut  that  party 
iinderthe  diredlion  of  the  General  himfelf  was  more  fortunatV  ^ 
for  he  croflcd  the  river,  and  after  a  fmnrt  confiift,  tct>k  above  run*; 
hundred  Heflians  prifoners.  A  fliort  time  afterwards,  having  kindleci 
fires  through  his  earn p,aAd  left  one  man  to  take  care  of  each,  he 
inarched  round  abouf,  and  came  upon  the  rear  of  the  enemy,  iur- 
prifed  them  once  more,  nearPrinceton,  and  obliged  another  confidcc- 
ablc  body- to  furrender  their  arms.  The  Engllfh  were  then,  in  thck" 
ivrn,  forced  to  retire,  and  put  themftlves  on  the  defen<ive» 

To  morrow  we  pafs  the  Delaware,  and  in  two  days  more  fliaiQ 
have  a  fight  of  the  rcfidence  of  the  American  Congreft  j  I  {hnll  for^ 
ikbthing  that  may  appear  to  me  deierving  of ,^.pux,Ai;t(rntion. 


:'*i 
/•■*%• 


I  j&m,  tic. 


t  E  T  T  E  R  Vlt.    7h  French  amy  reach  Phladi^f.'i'ia.'-— Fveemf/ 
•ft  a  plain  near  thi  Schuylkill.  -—  Kcvienji;  of  tbi  regiment  of  SaiJ/aiX^ 
ftais.^-'-—Firfl  intelligence  of  the  arrix'ol  of  Count  de  Crp.Jfe  in  the  Uj£* 

fapeak Charlesthomfon.'——Defcripti(}n  of  PhiUMphia.'—Jhi 

frueral religiourfeSIt  there, '-^Continental Congrejs.'—^ iitate  lluu^" 

..  fkilaftpbicai  Smetj, 

'"  -;  Philade]lphia,S£pretrii^Ai7ii- 

TH  fi  irriVal  of  the  French  army  at  Philadelphia  was  more  lilce  ^ 
triumph,  than  fimply  a  pafling  through  ihe   place  :  t.hc  ti  wps 
Ibade  a  halt  about  a  quarter  of  a  le;tgue  from  the  city,  and  in  an  in- 
ftant  were  dreffed  as  elegantly  as  ever  the  foldiers  if  a  gair.lufi  \vc\e 
^   Vpoo  a  day  of  review  :    they  then  maichcd  through  tl.c  town,  \,\ik 
<!  the  military  muftc  playing  before  them,  wliich  is  always  p^r'srulaiifi 
HWeafingtothe  Americans;  the  rtreetsweit  crowdtd  wjil.  nf.opk,  ar-4 
/xRe  ladies  appealed  at  the  windows  in  th^ir  molt  biiiliaut  attire.  AU 
niitadelphia  was  altonifhed  to  fee  people,   whu  had  enduttd   tbt  tJi^ 
tigues  of'  a  long  joui  ney,  fo  ruddy  and  handforne,  and  even  worder- 
40  that  there  could  ^  oUibly  ht  Frinchttien  of  fo  genteel  an  appf.rfjniipe^ . 
The  troops  next  matched  in  a  lingle  file  belu/e  the  Cco^.iefs.-jn^"^ 
|rft  if>|^'it)eyaUer  dc  la  Luz;;rae,  mimitcr  from  i]x^  cour:  oi  Fan^, 
■*-  Had'  ' . 


"M-^-^ 


\ 


*» 


,N  E  W      TRAVELS 


)'*! 

% 


HM 


ind  afterwards  encampetl  in  a  large  plain  corttgtioui  to  •JiciiveT 
Schuylkill.  The  next  day  after  oar  arrival,  the  regiment  of  SoifTcrt. 
ikais  went  through  the  exercife  of  the  fire  arms  :  at  leaft  tvyenty  ikPU- 
land  perfons,  and  a  vaii  number  of  carriages,  remarkable  for  their 
lightr.efs  and  fclegance,  flddecJ  to  theluftre  of  tljis  exhibition,  whick 
was  ftill  heighr-ned  by  the  plcafantneCs  cf  the  fituation,  and  tbere- 
tnarkable  fei  cnity  of  the  day.  The  rapidity  of  the  military  evolutir 
©ns,  the  foldierly  appearance  cf  the  troops  in  general,  and  the  er- 
idtnefs  of  (heir  motions,  furprilcd  and  enraptured  the  beholden,  but 
their  attention  was  Itill  more  excited,  when  they  beheld  in  one  of 
bur  chiefs,  the  rtlation  and  friend  of  that  young  Utro  to  whom  they 
are  lo  much  indebted,  and  for  whoni  they  profeis  an  admiration  a- 
rifmg  almolt  to  enthufiarm  :  a  lofs,  •  (which  one  muft  be  a  father, 
and  of  great  fenfibility  loo,  to  have  a  ju(f  idea  of)  had  for  fome  dayi 
rendere''  him  a  prey  to  grief  and  melancholy  ;  not  even  the  pharma 
of  Ph'ladelphia  could  diaw  him  from  his  tent  j  and  like  anothe^ 
i^chilles,  nothing  but  the  clafii  of  arms  could  make  him  forget  hit 
forrow. 

We  were  a  good  deal  amufed  with  a  mifiake  of  Icme  of  the  com- 
mon people,  who  took  for  aGeneialorie  of  thofc  alert  fellows,  whom 
•ur  commanding  officers  commonly  have  in  their  retinue,  to  run  up 
and  down  to  carry  their  written  orders.  H;8  fhort  tight  bodied  coat| 
his  rich  wailtcoat  with  a  filver  fringe,  his  rofe  coloured  fhoes,  his 
Cap  adorned  with  a  coat  of  arms, and  his  cane  with  an  enormous  head, 
i—all  appeared  to  them  fo  many  tokens  of  extraordinary  dignity. 
Altho'  he  approached  his  mafter,  the  Colonel  commandant,  merely 
to  receive  and  publi(h  his  orders,  they  imagined  that  he  gave  them  of 
his  own  accord,  and  diredcd  the  movements  of  the  troops,  indepen- 
dent of  any  fuperior.  ,  - 

The  Piefjdent  of  Congrefs,-f  in  a  fuit  of  black  velvet,  honourea 
this  review  with  his  prelenee.  ,  Theiie  honeft  Pennlylvania'ns  differ 
very  confiderably  irom  us  in  the  ceremonies  of  drefs,  as  we  differ 
from  them  ag:nn  in  our  modes  of  iegiflation. 

The  manoJiivres  of  our  troops  raifed  the  moft  flattering  eiepcftati- 
ons  in  the  minds  of  the  fpeftators ;  and  they  did  not  hefitate  to  de- 
clare, that  fuch  (ofdier's  >*ere  invincible. 

This  day  was  dettined  for  favourable  omens.  M.  le  Chevalier  de 
la  Luzerne,  who,  upon  this  occallon,  received  his  countrymen  with 
the.dignity  and  genercfity  of  the  reprefentative  of  a  great  Monarch, 
and  ihe  fr?.nkne(s  and  coiiiialiry  of  an  individual,  after  the  reviews, 
inviied  all  the  officers  »o  dine  with  him.  Hardly  were  we  feateit  %t 
the  table,  when  an  ^xprels  arrived  :  a  difquieting  filence  immediatc- 
fy  fi-ized  every  gueft  -our  eyes  were  fixed  upon  the  Chevaliver  dc 
la  Luieine,  every  one  ehdeavouiing  to  guefs  what  the  meffage  would 

turn  out  to  be "  Thirty  fix  ftiips  of   the  line,  faid  he,  com- 

*'  manded  by  Monfieur  le  Comte  dt  Graffe,  are  arrived  in  Chefapeaic 
'*  Bay,  and  thice  thouluid  men  have  landed  and  opened  u  commu- 

"  nication  wirh  the  Maiquis  ile  laFayette." Joy  andgood  hipl 

itiour,  immedi;itely  tcfiitned  their  place  on  every  count^'narce---Otti.k 
impatient  leaders  began  to  count  the  days,  and  reckon  iiow  long  if^T 

afterwardi     .- 

•  He  had  feme  days  before  received  the  neavs  of  hi:  daughter"  t  death* 

t  TkiHamurabU  Ihomat'WKtan,  Efiuire,  'wdstbtn  PrtfiMt^ 


•T  H  \  0  u  Q  K      K  M  E  K  I  C  A; 


I 


At 


yi6xi\d  be  before  the3r^  would  liave  it  in  their  power  to  fare  the  enemy  j 
fend  tht'ir  heated  imaginations  made  the  time  much  flictler  ihnn  ih 
afterwards  proved  to  be.  Healths  were  hext  dran!<:  ;  and  that  of  tho 
Miniiter  of  the  iriririiie  of  France  was  not  forgotten^  whofe  r^dtivit/ 
and  great  abilities,  have  pavtd  the  way  to  the  mod  brilliaiuTurctfreV 
6f  our  fleet  :  The  f)iefdnceof  his  (on,  M.  Ic  Comte  de  CharUi.fecond 
<;olonel  of  the  regiment  of  Saintonge,  added  lUll-more  to  our  plea- 
fure  and  f?tisfadion.     \  '  "    ■  .  . 

'  Anion'g  others,  Charles  Thdrnfon,  the  Secretary  of  Oongrefs,  the 
fbid  of  that  political  body,  came  alfo  to  receive  arid  prefeiU  his  com- 
j^limtnts.  His  meagre  figure  j  furrowed  countenance  ;  his  hollowr', 
fparkling  eyes  }  his  white,  ftraight  hair,  that  did  not  hang  quite  as 
low  as  his  eais,  fijCed  our  thoiough  attention,  and  filled  us  with  fur- 
prize  and  admiration.' 

'  The  important  news  of  the'  arrival  of  Count  dtji^^fflCffi'^WasroonL 
fpfead  throughout  the  city,  and  echoes  of  joy  wete^WafjNi'ft'bift  every" 
quarter  :  Some  merry  fellow*  mounted  upon  r<i'aiP»lds,  undj^f^agcs, 
pronduticed  funeral  orations  for  Cornwallis,  and  dtttered  fsmTeiitati- 
dn«  upon  thfc  grief  and  diftrefs  of  the  Tories.  X'^e  people' ran  in 
crowds  to  the  refidence  of  tWe  Minifter  of  France  ;  and  long  live 
Louis  t/j'e  Sixteenih,  y^as  the  genera]  cry'.  "      ' 

\  Thus,  you  fee,  the  people  are  univeiTslIy  perfuadtd  6f  the  fuccers 
tff  this  expedition.     Could  thcfe  flattering   hopes  be  realized,  thej-- 
would  halten  a  peaci,  which  in  our  fituation,  andunde'r  the  wife  and 
Ijienevolent  Prince  that  governs  us,  would  place  France  in  a  point  of 
View,  thai  has  been  wholly  unknown  fmce  the  ey.iftence  of  her  mo- 
narchy. ■     '  _  ■  ■  '  '       ■.'.'"'./ 
■'  Philadelphia,  th6  capital  of  Pennfylvslnia,  is  bultt  upon  an  elevated 
ind   extenfive  plain,   a  little  above  the  confluence,  and  between  the 
two  livers,  Delaware  and  Schuylkill.     The  famous  AVilJiara  Penn, 
founder  of  this  Colony,  gave  the  plan,  and  pointeJ  out  the  fituation. 
His  plan'has  been  follbwed,  but  the  town  is  buiit  lipori  the' principal 
river   tor  the  conveniency  of  tradel     its  form  is  an  oblong,  extend-' 
in^  two  miles  in'length,  aVjd  having  eight  ftreetS" perfectly  parallel  to 
each  other,  crofTed  at  right  angles  by  fix.teen  others,  of  near  a  ml  '  Xi 
Ifenglh,  e<|ually  wide  and  as  exadfly  parallel.     Care  has  been  t:.k.erv 
to  leave  vacancies  f6r  public   edifices.       The  two  piincipal  ffreet's, 
front  ftrtet  a'rtd  Mmrket\!irett,  are  each  on^'hiiiidrcd  feet  bread.    Vt'T-' 
fcls  of  five  htindr'-d  tons  can  Jie'afloat',  by  the  mod  convenient  wharfs  ;' 
and  I  faw  more  than  twenty  iUipsat  o'nce  up()li  theffotlSjfc  ^Iietowri' 
contains  at'leaft  fix  thoufand  hoUles,  (or  the  niofipart  bw5it  of  brick,; 
a'nd  all  extremely  handfoine  \  the  people  ai^e  compmcd  to  he,  about;' 
forty  thcufajdd  fouls.  '  'i"he  Roman  Qitho'irs  hnve  two  chapels  iif(;e,";i,.,, 
governed  by  an  Englifh  exjtfuit,  and  a  German  Prieff,  wlrq  reclvOlJ-  'i 
the  number  o^thejr  co'inmunitanfs  at  about  eleven  or  twelve luinJ'K'd*""' 
There  are  allb  ch^^hes  for  li'e  Prefbyterian's,  Luthf!>rs,  Dutcii  Oil** 
Vinilts,  Ahabaptift«,  &c.'  but  the  mod  riutneiuus  f«6l  is  that  of  ih"; 
X^akers,  and  of  tliits.  perftjafion  was  the  fonnf'ier  u'f  the  colcny.  ■ 
5i:A' *'"'  feet  pretends  to  uiore  toleration,  111 idtnefs  cf  moi.'^ls,  arid  " 
tltjuality  of  conditiotrtltan  any  other,  and  was  etVabliHied  ip  Fcivrirvl-;' 
Vania  jnlt  after  they  attracted  the  notice  of  the  Luiopcan  wrirtd,  by* 
th^'peculiarify  of  their  religion,  and  a  tin)e  whtn  the  cont^ni!!c:11<-;Di 
mad  contempt  into  which  uihcr  perfuafions  had  fallen,  feivtd  lu  (ui.>- 

F  ,no;t'''' 


■««'( 


?!■ 


^V'-m- 


NEW      t  R  A  t  fe 


L  S 


4i 

pert  It  in  nil  its  energy  and  auflerity  ;  fo  their  Icgiflatiort  tended  ftlli 
more  fa  make  thd't  colonics  iree,  equal  and  (iniple  in  their  maqncrs. 
The  mil<ii?cfs  of  the  ciiraat^,  the  goodnels  of  the  foil,  their  rural  oc- 
cujnuion's,  and  afolitaiy  mode  of  life,  favoured  the  view^s  of  their  le- 
gidature,  and  Penniylvaniafoon  became  the  inoft  virtuous  and  happy 
colony  that  hiftory  has  ever  recorded,  feut  by  the  incrcafis  of  inha- 
bitants, by  the  flocking  in  of  ftrangers,  and  its  becoming  a  commer- 
cial fettltment,  the  fcrtunef;  ol  individuals  were  enlarged,  luxury  waf 
introduced,  the  manrters  of  tlie  people  infenfibiy  changed,  and  that 
^oide/t  are,  whicii  wns  here  realized,  was  fuon  confidered  as  nothing. 
more  than  a  bTiiliant  meteor,  which  blazed  out  a  moment  to  the  a^  , 
tonillied  world,  and  then 'dilappearcd  forever. 

In  tr  is  city  the  reprelentativcs  of  the  thirteen  States,  denominated 
i'hei.ongrrfs,  hold  their  residence.     ']iMe  front  of  the  edifice  in  whicfe 
tncy  ii:;  is  of  brick,  and  conliequently  witliout  any  of  the   orders  of 
archittdture  5  it  is,  howeverias  'wndfome  as   any   ftfuflure  in  thi« 
tMile  can  be,  and  presents  to  i^e  eye  a  noble,  folid,  regular  maft.     It^^^ 
is  placed  in  thr  common  range  of  the  houfes,  without  any  confidera-  :•• 
ble  inifrval  t<f  (i-paratiun,  and  certainly  iofes  much  of  its  beauty,  be- 
capOf;  you  hr.ve  p.o  proper,  ftand  to  examine  it  in  the  requifite  point 
of  view  i  EacH  individual  Slate  fends  its  deputies   hither  to   confult 
iipf^n  itsiiterffts,  makp  its  propolals  and  concert  means  for  the  de-^ 
fenci  of  tht  cotnnioti  caufe.     This  aflen^hly  has   no   concern  with' 
ary  m.iH?rs  further  than  what  refpeffs  the  general  inicreft  of  all  the 
St'ites,  each  having  its  particular  afl'embly,  who  make  laws  acd  pro-^ 
vide  for  the  fspport  of  their   civil  government,  independent  of  the* 
geneva!  Congiets.     The  number  of  reprefentatives  is  always  in  pro-^ 
portion  to  the  extent  and  importance  of  the  feveral  States  .that  fend* 
t!).''n---the  fewel^  that  can  be  Tent  arc  tivo,  and  ffven  the  mod,  but 
})i  w  many  focver  there  be,  the  reprefentatives  of  each  State   have 
but  one  voice.     T!)e  central  pofition  of  this  town,  and  its  natural  fe- 
cutity  ox  fituation,  has  decided  the  choice  in  its   favour.      The  firffi 
Congicf^:  wa?  held  here  the  fifth  of  September,  1774^  and  the  aft  of 
independence  was  pafied  July  4th,  ly-^C  ;  at  a  period,  when  the  af- 
f;i''  ■:,  o*  America  looked  daik  and  gloomy, when  a  very  numerous  fleet 
pni  ?.rmy  furrounded  all  the  avenues  to  New  York,  and  threatened 
de(i:ruot  ion  to  the  very  exigence  of  liberty  in  America. 

Tlie  market-honfe,  fituafed  in  the  nijidrt  of  the  city,  is  large  and- 
ba«dl<Mne,  The  prifons  for  debtors  and  criminals,  as  well  as  \thaf 
cJefigned  for  prifom  rs  of  war,  arc  fp^cicus  and  airy. 
You  iiave  lieard  of  their  Phiiofophical  fociety,  of  which  many  learn- 
ed men  in  Europe  are  members.  But  the  efta'blifliment  that  does  the 
m<-'i\  honour  to  thffe  rifmg  States,  is  a  Ilofpilal  intended  to  receive' 
tlifj  defenders  of  their  country,  when  wounds  and  infirmities  render 
thieuT  incapable  of  providing  far  their  own  fubfiftence. 

The  plan;f>f  Williani  Pcnn  is  yet   far   from    being  accompliihed» 
but  vi  perfected  more  and  mbrc.as  the  tort'n  enlarges  :  it  is  eafy  to 
^u  ipe  what  an  .nmaxing  growth  it  has  had,  when  we  find  an  old  man  . 
yet  alive  in  Philadelphia,  who  r-eraembers  when  the   very  firft  ftoiMr ' 
of  it  v.3<',  laid      This  town,  fituated  on  a  river  where  vefiels   of  waTr^ 
1  vay  bhiuy  come  up,  and  upon  a  fertile  foil  v»hich   requires  little  la- 

:nr  to  cuhiv^te  it,  and  built  after  a  well  confidered   plan,  cannot 
.:  i  nf  becoming  in  time  ouc  of  tlic  largcft  and  moft  beautiful  citkt 

.  'Vwoild.  I  am,  &c. 


m 


.»'■''.., 


If. 


THiiouc?H     A  M  E  R  I  C  A: 


43 


Ju  E  T  T  E  R  VIII.     Tbe  army  arrrjes  at  tkeHead  of  ElK—Emhark* 

ation  of  J'fveral  ragiments  at  that  flacc.'-'T^he  main  body  proceed  on.—* 

Baltimore  dcjcr'thed. — OJihe  Acadlam^  tr  French  neutrals,  fettled  there, 

,  »i        Their  wiai/lers,  religious  difcilUne,  (^c.-^The  Uiiftitled  f.ate  ofthi 

(f}urchei  in  Maryland  and  Virginia. 

Baltiujorf,  Septemberi/^,  lyZi* 

WHEN  the  army  reached  the  Head  of  Elk,  a  place  on  the 
north  oi  Chelapeak  bay,  wc  had  the  mortification  to  fin4 
there  wai  not  afufhciency  of  tranfports  to  receive  u»  all  on  board. 
It  was  with  difficulty  that  we  ccfuld  even  procure  fhallops  and  boats, 
for  the  mod  part  open,  to  take  in  the  <^renadier»,  chiifieurs.and  (oinc 
American  rf giments :  in  cafe  ot  bad  weather  thefe  troops  will  luti'cr 
much  and  run  a  confiderable  rift:  of  being  drowned  j  General^Vofh- 
ington  and  Count  Rochambeau,  have  advanced  on  by  land,  to  con- 
cert their  plans  of  operation  with  M.  de  Gr;<ffe.  M.  la  Baron  de 
Viomenil,  the  immediate  commander  of  the  French  army,  has  deter- 
mined like  wile  to  go  all  the  way  by  land, 

Baltimore  is,  from  its  fituation,  one  of  the  moit  important  places 
of  all  Norlh  America.— —Placed  almoft  at  the  head  of  the  Kay,  it 
lies  convenient  to  receive  ihc  produce  of  Pennij  Ivivnia,  the  Drla- 
warc  ftate,  and  efpecially  the  co;i.mo(JitIes  of  M-irylaiid.  1  his  Uli 
mentioned  ftate  has  very  confulciuble  iron  forges,  :..tid  produces  a 
fpecies  o'f  tobacco  of  a  Icf?  pWfuig  hriJl  than  chut  of  Viii;iini3,  but 
infinitely  more  ftrong,  and  for  that  reafon  pretened  by  the  people 
of  the  north  ot  Europ'.  v 

Thirty  years  ago,  Baltimore  ^»*«  only  an  inconilderable  villn,":e  ; 
as  prelcnt  it  is  a  large  wealthy  towil,  built  nearly  in  'he  ihape  of  a 
crefcsnt  or  half  mccn.  The  northern  part  of  it,  is  ritu;U<;d  nno;i  a 
narrow  flip  of  land,  that  prcje6is  a  confiderable  diilance  into  theHay, 
and  is  fo  low,  that  the  town  in  this  place,  apparently  rifes  out  ot  tne 
bofomofthe  waters,  and  already  feeins  to  anticipate  its  fuuiredomi- 
nion  and  grandeur. 

Lord  Baltimore,  an  Irifii  Catholic,  formerly  eftabliflied  two  hun- 
dred of  his  perfuafion  in  this  place,  and  gave  his  name  ioJtiMt  l^ttle- 
ment.  About  one  quarter  of  it  is  peopled  by  thofe  uiiiortynatc  Aca- 
dians,  and  their  d^lcendents,  whom  the  EngHQi  cnielly  toiccd  away 
from  their  own  happy  countiy,  *  to  leave  them  dp,llv'iite  und  pooi-, 
in  a  region  where  they  were  utter  firangers.  Their  qi':;irtcr  Js  the 
meaneft  in  appearance,  and  worit  built  of  all,  and  the  tyranny  of  i4)e_ 
Britilh  government  has,  till  lately,  iiindercd  them  from  gaining  any 

thill!?: 

•  The  bsjlof  No'va  Scotia  is  that  p^-t  called  by  the  French  Accxd'a, 
nvhere  a  nuTTtQer  of  that  nation  firf  feiiled  in  1604..  Thcfe  ptcplc  ivere 
knonvn  by  the  name  of  Neutrals,  and' lived  in  a  ferj'eclSlaie  oj  tndefcr.d.'ncs 
-  efierthe  fro'vinct  ivas  gi'Vin  up  to  Enpland,  hn^citi^fu:oyn  never  to  o^( 
again^  their  nati'-je  ciunt7-)\to  nvhi(h,as  ivfllo!  to  ibtir  rtiigion  unJ p''!-fsy 
they-ivere  mof  enthn/iafiicalh  fiUachcd.  Soon  after  lbs  year  i7,\.'i,pfri(>-<  I'g 
ihfEnglijh  encroaching  upon  ihem^thfy  dctermiued ralber  to  re/nuve  toN^-w- 
Francei^Canada)than  run  tte rifque of  ha'<tn^  tbcir  uHigiov  cciitanrnidii'Hy 
llh  intermixture  nvith  heretics.  But  the  Euglif)  reitli^^nettcf  "j  /bar  dfj'j'f-' 
feized  upon  all  'who  ivere  net  yet  gene,  and  emburhd'^n  buwJ  t'.u  ,■»  ./*;  ; 
in  'whicb  they  ivere  iranfportsd  to  dftrenr  parts  of  the  then  E'-y,  'f 
pits,  wbtrt  the  greater  part  oJ  ihtm  foon  died  qf' grief  a?id  'vcxai  • 


m 


.:.:?' 


i 


44 


I 


I; 


1;^ 


NEW      TRAVELS 


tlting  by  the  bappy  firuation  of  this  town  ;  but  being  for  the  m^i^ 
part  fsa -faring  jneii,  it  is  hoped  they  «vill  not  fail,  in  time,  tq  m.;U(J9 
\jp  by  conimerce  tlit:  lol's  of  their  fertile  fettknients  in  Acadia.  ,, 

Ti\cy  ilill  prefer vt  the  French  Iang;i;ige  among  them,  and  are  pro- 
4ij;ioui|y  attached  to.  wbar.ever  re-gards  the  natipn  from  vhich  they 
Ciriginatfd,  efpecirdly  in  their  religious  woi  Ihip,  which  they  keep  up 
ifiti)  a  ftridnefo  thfit  would  have  done  honour  to  the  primitive  age* 
of  chiiftian'ity.     Ttieir  way  of  life  is  pliiin  and  fimplc,  and  their  mnn^ 
rers  fimilar  to  tjiole  prevalent  an^ong  tijcm  while  they  weje  yet  ip  the 
luppy,  regions -of  Acadia.  ,:'Jhe  prielts  there  exercifed  that  authority. 
over  them  vyhlch,  virtue  and  education  allow,  over  men  who  are  not  yet 
corrupt  in  their  n:vy;rals,thc^'  were  their  judges  and  their  niediators,an4 
to.this  day  thele  exiled  people  neverjpeation  their  iiames  without  tears,, 
,   They  told  me  a  great  deal  aboufa  Monfleui^  le  Chre,  who,  at  their 
flcpartuie,  gave  thtm  velTcU  and.  ornaments  for  the  fetvice  ot  the  alt^r,. 
**  Thefe  omauisnts  (faid  the  good  qjd  man)  vvjlj  lerve  to  recall  to 
**  your  tninds  what  you  owe  to  ihe  religion  ot  your  fathers  i  can  it 

V  flourilh— qan  it  eveji  cxift  in.thofc  new  regions  which  you  are  novr 
*«  going  to  inhabit  !  will  you  reprov^  all  pther  creeds  and  modes  o( 
*•  woilhip,  can.you  ihow  by  ycur  gcutl^rnefs,  good  will  and  .benefi-. 
•'  cence,  that  you  Hill  hold  them  as  brctbrtii,  yvho  are  of  a. different 

V  faith  !  Perhaps  Providence  is  making  you  its  inftrynient^  tp  ex^; 
*f  tend  the  divine  truths  pftbegofpel,  and  render.tbeni  .prevalent  i?i 
•f  Tome  other  rtjrion  of.the •world.  Vhis  rcfitftion  alone  fupjports  m«i 
*'  unUer  the  forrpw  and  pnng«.of  parting,  but  wherever  you  may  bt 
*♦  forced  by  the  v^ill  of  heaveni  rely  upon  it,  my  heait  will^klwayj. 
*f  follow  you,  and  never,  iie-'er  will  I  ralle  my  trembling  hands  t9- 
•'  the  iacred  altars  of  the  Divinity,  but  you  fpall  be  the  dearieft  ob^, 
*f  jects  of  my  prayers.".  ,  n 

,  'jpheir  chapel  is  built  without  the  town  upon  a  height,   near  four 
or  five  charclie*  of  different  foiis.    They  complain  much,  that  they 
do  nut  r.nd  in  their  pi*i"ent  ir.hiiltcrs,  the  zeal  and  atteftion  of  tbolis 
?p  Af.adia  :  t^kcn  up  with  their  temporal  coi^cerns,  they  beftow  fewf.. 
inltruflions  upon  their  r.ock,and  their  wl-ole  pallojal  fun6lion  ieemf. 
corfincijl  10  faying  Ipw  iflsfs  once, a  month;  ,  ■  .    ., 

^  Wh>in*tlit7  lavV  a  French  clergy inan,  ivfeemed  ^o  revive  the  idea 
eftliSir  former  padors.  They  even  urged  me  to  officiate  jn  thcip, 
church,  and  while  ;  was  perlormin;;  that  Iacred  duty  in  con»pliancc 
with  their  reqviell,  I  could  not  but.  congratulate  them  upon  their, 
piety,  and  Uy  before  tlieni  a  patt'-rn  of  the  virtues  of  their  lathers  » 
Trecallfcdto  tiicir  minims  the  long-vanifhcd  ideas  Qfthofemuch  re- 
ipected  perfons,  and  they  imn:;ed:ait:iy  dif.blved  into  tears  :  the  mUf 
fie  too,  which  I  had  inirodi;ced  upoi.  this  cccaf.on,  contributed  its 
fliare  to  melt  and. move  they  hcaitq.        ,  -    . 

.Maryland  hns  a  gre.1t  proporth^ir  of  catholics  among  its  inhabi- 
tants. At  Fiedri^l1)irjj:h  and  other  places  in  Viiginia  there  are  fe-^ 
Tcral  churches,  as  well  as  at  Charleftown,,  the  capital  of  South-C.ar6'>i 
lina.  All  the  Norfh-AmcricSn  churches  were  i'.ndej- the  jurifdidtioi^ 
of  the  hilltop  of  London,  who  fince  the  revolution,  however,  has  re-jt 
linq.iifhtd  all  conreilion  with  tbeni,  piotcftants  as  well  as  papilltS, 
and  they  are  now  left  to  theinfefves,  without  head  and  wjthout  uni- 
ty The  religion  and  number  of  thefe  people  ought  aevcrtheleft  to 
cjaim  \hc  attuition  cf  the  patrons  of  the  church.       ,.  ,  I  am,  &c.     , 

',  "^  tETTEI\ 


;:<* 


T  H  R  o  u  e  H     AMERICA; 


45 


I,  E  T  T  E  R     iX.     The  comhineii  nrmie:  embark  at  An7iaf>:!is  for 

^  York  In  yirfjuta..  ■  Difference  of  the  maimers  and  cufoms,  in  the  Nof^ 

tbtrn  and  Southern  States,      '   • 

(         .    ,  7  Annapolis t  Ttptcmber  21,  1 781, 

TH  E  army  was  to  prolecute  the  reit  of  the  march  to  Virjini* 
by  laiul,  and  with  that  view  took  the  road  leading  to  ALxu.t- 
</rw,  3  fl<;i)ii;hin^,  commerciul  town  upon  the  Potomack  j  but  \\[)on. 
the, ne«&  of  t'.ir  arrival  of  thvRomylvis  fivy  of  war,  with  two  tiig.itts 
and  a  nuru.Mtr  of  tran(ports,  we  turned'ch  towards  Auiiaj>oiis,  buj 
the  horluiv  ^wd  carriagtk  comiruitd  iheir  journey  by  lard.  > 

,  A?,we  ati\'ar..^e  towards  the  Uurth  wc  ul)Icrve  a  Iciiiible  difi'erencc 
in  tlic  manners  iind  cufloms  cf  the  people.     VVc  no  longer  find,-  as 
i.n  Conncijicut,  hoiuVs  fituated  along  the  road  at  iinsll  dilt^V(Ccs,jv»ft 
large  enough  to  contain  a  unjile  family,  and  tl;e  houfliold  furniture 
nothing  more  than  is  tiarely  riCJcHaiy  j  here    aire   ip.tcious  habitati- 
pns,  coil'fting  of  different  buildi)igs,at  foine  diflance  from  each  other, 
lurrounued  with  pJiiiitations  •h-'^t  exttnd  beyo.nd    the   reach  cf  the 
«!ye,  cultivated  not  by  the  bands  ot  freemen,. but  by 'thole   unhappy 
blacks,  whom  European  avarice  Jind  injulticehas  taken   from  their 
native  reeions  of  Atrica  to  cuUivate  poiTefTions  not  tlieir  own,  in  a 
foreign  (oil.     Their  furniture  here,'  n  ccnflrufted   out  of  the   moft. 
(fiollly  Icindsof  wood,  and  ihc>nipit-  valuable  marble,  enriched  by  the 
(elegant,  dcrices  of  the  artifts  h^nd.     'J  htir^idin^  machines  are  light 
and  handfome,  and  draw/i  by  the  ilecteil   courfers,  'managed  by 
flnves  richly  drefl'ed;  this.opulence   was   particularly  o\)lcrvable  at 
4»nafiolij.    Ihat  very  inconfidei-able  town,  Jlanding  at  the  mouth  of 
Jhe  liver  St'vern,  where  it  tails  into  the  bay, out  of  the  few  building** 
It  contains,  has  at  ItdH  three  fourths,  fuch  as  may   be  ftiled   elegaht 
a^nd  grand.     Female  luxury  here  exceeds  what  is  known  in  the  pro*- 
vinces  of  France   :    a  Ficnch   hair  drciTtr   is-  a   man  of  impor- 
t'Suce    among  them,  and  it   is  fsid,  a  certain  dame  here  hires  one 
of  that  craft  at  a  thoufand  ciowns  a  year  falary.     Ihe  ilate-houfe  i# 
a  very  beautiful  building,  I  think  the  moll  fo  of  any  I  have   feen   in 
J^mcrica.     The  periftyie  is  fet  off  with  pillars,  antl  the  qdiiiffc  is  top- 
jt.ed  with  a  dome.  '  ,    . 

.' We  are  embarking  with  the  greateft  expedition  5  the  weather  i$ 
the  fined  you  can  conceive,  and  the  wind  fair  :  I  think  the  impati- 
Cipcepf  the  French  wiU  foonbc  at  aq  end. 


:y'-U!^ 


''■'■i**'^ 


ftiTTER 


*■ 


>   ^ 


r 


46 


NEW 


TRAVELS 


tm. 


I?  I"* 

pi; 


P 


L  K  T  T  E  K  X.     Arrvifal  of  tbs  troops  ai  JavisToivn. Williawf 

burg, — i_L'T  SlatS'ILuj':. Confy,e,  Lihrarj  and  Proffjors, Cli^ 

muie  of  f''irgi/tta^-'—Tolja>.co—-^CoMmerte—~—'Fof>ulaticm'-—^Condi  - 

ti'/!  of  tl.'e  S/wvej--— -Riven  ofihi  Country Irtet  and  Plants—    ■■ 

A  carious  fpecits  of  the  Caiterpilla. Dangerous  fjfe^sfrom  iht/Jitng 

'ill  a  iipider'--'-Vct)\faSii'Jni  cofnmon  ia  Virgimai 

WilUamJhiirgy  Zeptemhtr  30,  1781, 

^~g^  H  E  ?rmf  has  had  a  very  agreeable  paflTage  hither,  except  ihe 
A  P,rcij,nlier5,  chafTcurs,  and  the  fiilt  American  regiments,*  who 
yur.c  t'ourtet'ii  (ia).s  oii  tl)e  duatcr.  Judge  how  inconvenient  this 
rmlt  h^vf:  btjen  to  troops  crowded  into  a  narrow- (pace,  and  without 
^•ny  «<ecks  over  them  5  while  even  the  otficeis  had  nothing  but  bif- 
^"^^f-  to  live  upon.  The  iliores  of  this  ii:iy,  which  is  formed  by  the 
wUux  of  lb  m.iiiy  great  rivers,  arc  fur  from  being  lofty,  neither  are 
they  niucii'  olvaied  of  the  woods,  and  it  is  but  larely  that  you  difco. 
>{:;•  arty  hibitatioiis  \  but  the  few  we  faw  were  very  agreeably  fituated. 
This  country  wil(  lie,  in  time,  <ine  of  the  molt  beautiful  in  the  world. 
W;ien  our  lirrief.eef  had  ("ailed  up  James-River,  celebrated  for  the 
tMCiUcnt  toW.iCco  Vv'hich  grows  upon  its  {hcres,  we  difembarked  at 
J;i;n^»s  Town,  the  place  where|hc  Euglifh  fiift  eltablifhed  themfclves 
i'l  Virginia.  The  troops  haft'  already  joined  the  grenadiers,  chaf. 
i^'irr,  •\t'\  the  three  thouiarui  -uen  brought  hither  by  Count  de  Graf- 
ie,  coniiitioo;  of  the  re.-^imenti  of  ^■^j/!'«vi;,  Catinsis  :ind 'Tiuraitif,  un- 
<rfer  the  cTmtij.md  of  Monf.  deSt.  Simon,  Marechal  de  Camp.— 
This  General  had  a  litrle  before,  eflcfled  a  juniiion  with  fifteen 
hundred  or  t.-'o  thonrand  Americnns,  commanded  by  M. .  le  Mar- 
ujuis  dela  F'ayeite,  who,  as  you  have  heard,  could  never  be  reduced, 
n:>twitli.'t;iadj;ts:  the  forces  ofCyrnwallis  were  three  or  four  times 
Wi-i  numbsr.  I  ilnnikl  have  mentioned,  that  M.  de  la  Fayette,  in 
i^'idity  of  M;'.J  >r. General  of  an  American  army,  ar  the  age  of  twcn- 
l>y  f  jur  years,  found  himlVif  at  this  time  fuperior  in  command  to  a 
Freirli  genera!  '^frloei,  nnd  co;ninued  fo  till  the  other  detachments 
■fif  the  Si  my  were  colie6fed  into  one  body,  under  General  Wa'lhing- 

V/ilii.imOiir'^,  though  ronfjderable,  as  the  capital  of  Virginia,  is 
in.  oili.' r  itrpe6fsi  a  p'ace  of  little  importance  :  it  is  iltuated  upon  a 
}/uio,  ievcl  piece  i.'fliiid)  and  the  r^iain  Itieet,  paflTing  through  the 
mivi;t",.f  ir,  is  more  than  one  hundred  feet  in  witflh  :  at  one  of  the 
fxireaiities,  and  fronting  the  ftreet  is  the  capitol,  or  ftate-houfe,  a 
fi.iall  out  regular  building  ;  and  at  the  other  end  is  the  college,  ca- 
pa';!^  of  containing  threc'hundied 'ttudenti  :  there  is  a  library  be- 
l**nginjr  to  it  ol  about  three  tho'ifand  volumes,  and  aii^apparatus  for 
«x,ierimf^ntii  philof.)piiy,  tolerably  complete.  With  the  moft  live-, 
ly  ratisfiiMi>n  I  coatempl.-red  thefe  monuments  of  the  real  glory  of 
m"!)  }  ami  while  I  toutcmpI»ted  them,  they  recalled  to  my 
mind  wlaces  and  pcrfons  moft  intimately  connected  with  ray  heirt, 
'iht  tinnulr  oK  uins  has  diiven  from  hence,  thofe  who  had  the  care 
of  thife  philjfophiciil  JAiftrumcnts,  for  the  laufeayou  know,  't0i  no 

*rL3fefu:kdJromiheHsadofElk, 


m 


THR  otroH      A  M  E  R  i  C  A. 


47 


a,  IS 

an   a 

the 

the 

fe,  a 

i  '    1 

,  ca. 
be- 

i  for 

ive-, 

y  of 

iny 

;are 

mo 

9 

#v          ' 

j)lenfurc  but  in  the  abodeg  of  peace  :  We  could  only  meet  with  ore 
folitary  profeflbr,  ot  Italian  c.aradiion;  and  I    cannot    but   fay,  bi« 
converfation  and  abilities  appeared  to  be  fuch,  ',hat  after  what  he  hudi 
told  u«  in  coijimend.ntion  ot  his  brethren,  we  could  not   help  regirt- 
ting  their  abfcnce. 

Williamlbnrg  does  r  .  contain  above  a  hundred  and  fif»y  honfcs, 
anil  is  the  only  town  we  hAve  yet  fcen  iiiViigitiia  worth  .neniiGiiiiiir  s 
notfituated  on  the  banks  of  anv  ■'•vr,  it  fiand^  at  an  equal  cljilarce. 
from  two  fmall  ones,  one  of  whuii  .^'.!s  imo  Yojk,  tlic  otlier  iruo 
James  River.  It  is  fnbjeft  to  the  ir.convcnicncy  cf  fcarcity  of  good 
water.  What  nn:^kes  the  fituatioji  of  this  place  valuable,  is  tlie 
neighbourhood  of  James  and  York  rivers,  between  which  grows  the 
belt  tobacco  in  the  whole  State,  and  for  this  rcafon  it  feems  to  have 
been  built  where  it.  is  :  i  do  not  think,  ncvertaclefj,  th.at  it  will  ever, 
be  a  place  of  any  great  importance  i  the  towns  of  Yoik,  J.-iines,NLir- 
folk,  and  Edcnton,  being  more  favourably  fiuiatcd  for  trade,  will 
undoubtedly  eclipfe  it. 

Although  Virginia  extends     from  'the  ^iSth  to  tiie  39th   decree, 
of  north  latitude,  the  winters  are  very  fevere,  and  great  quantities  of 
fnowfomctimes  fall.     The  Ibuthern   a.rd  ealisrn   winds  are  excti"- 
five  warm,  and  ihofe  from  the  north  and  well,  coming  over  tncun- 
tains  and  lakes,  equally  cold.       In  a  day's  tjipe  there  will  often 
be  a  rapid  tranfition  from  one  extreme  to  the  other.     The  country 
produces  feveral  very  excellent  kinds  of  wood,  and  about  Wil?iaml-v 
burg  and  the  (ho/'fs  of  the  bay,    the    land  is    covered  with    trees, 
yielding  rozin  :  the  meadows  and  marfties  fubfift  great  numbers  of, 
excellent  horfe»>''wbich  far  exceed  thcfe  of  the  other  Gtatrs  in  pniut 
of  beauty  :  Vaft  quantities  of  hemp  are  raifed  here,  as  welJ  as  flax, 
Indian  corn  and  cotton  :  The  cotton  flirabs  produce   annually,  and 
at  thf  fifft  view  we  took  them  for  beans  in  blDfTom.     Silk  wcrnis  fuc- 
ceed  here  very  well,  and  it  is  not  improbable  but  they  may  at  lome 
future  time  form   one  of  the  moft  confiderable  branches  of  trade  in., 
this  ftate.     The  commodity  moft  in  demand  is    tobacco  ;  you  well. 
know  the  charafler  it  has,  an<l  for  common  ufe  it  may  be  conlldeied 
as  the  beft  in  the  world  :  What  the  F.nglifti  imported   yearly   from 
this  ftate,  and  from  Maryland,  might  have  amounted  to  about  r.ica- 
ty-fjx  thoufand  hogflieads  :.  but  among  themlelves  they  did  rot  con- 
iame  one  fixtli  part  of  that  quantify,  and  either  dilpofed  tf  the  rtll. 
among  us,  or  exported  it  to   the  north  j  judge  then    how  valu.ibW  ■ 
this  commerce  was   to   that  nation.     They  p-irchafed  it  here  at  rh*t' 
very  loweft  rate,  taking  it  in  exchange  for  their  broadcloths,  linttii^ 
aiid  hard  wares,  and  felling  again    for  ready  money  what  they  dicU' 
not  want  foi  their  own 'hofiaeconfumption,  and  thus  they  increal^d 
their  capital  every  year  to  the  amount  of  eight  or  nine  miiiiops.     No- 
Other  of  their  pofTefiions,  not  even  thofe  in.lnd'a,  ever  afforded  tht.m^ 
fp  clear  a  profit.     Three  hundred  and  thirty  vclilh,  and  aboiu  four 
thoufand   failors   wert  conftantly   employed  in  this  trade  ;  ^ftheic 
the   city  of  Glafgow,  in  Scotland,  owned  the  greatclf  part,  and  by'' 
that  means  fupported  its  flourifhing   manufaftures,  which  were  per- 
haps more  confiderable  than  thofe  of  any  town  in  England. 

Since  the  war,  the  tobacco  exportation  has  been  or)Iy  about  fortjr 
thoufaiid  hogiheads  ai;nually  ;  what  advantages  then  would  havQ 
anccrus^^  the  iiinfUlli,  could  thev  bcive  fooner  mai^e  tiieoifelves  maf* 


•I'' . 


*!• 


■f-'  1 

f 

fill:, 

;r;i. ''!*!(' 

.■•■*^'''  r  ■  ■:  ■?'    1 

ill' 

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NEW      TRAVELS 


|i':,'<i 


tcr»  ofChefapeake  bay.  Ther«  are  now  fifty  or  fixty  vffTelj  tot- 
lefVed  at  Yorlv,  under  the  caiincn  ot  Cornwallij,  ft  nt  on  purprfe  to 
Iqail  v\ith  ilus  weeJ^  whicli  three  fourths  and  i  half  df  the  hutnan 
race  take  fuch  (lipre-ie  delight  in  chewing,  fnuJling  ur  fmonkinp.    • 

The  population  ot  Viigimi.  i?  conpiited  at  one  hiindriidand  fifty 
tliouliaiid  whites,  and  Svc  hundred  thuur^nd  negroes.  There  is  a 
ftill  gieater  difpj'jportion  between  the  whites  ?nd  blacks  in  Mary- 
land, when?  there  are  not  n)ore,than  twenty  thouiand  white*,  and  at 
leart  two  hundred  thoufand  negroes.  .  Tlie  Englilh  in»poi  ted  into 
thefe  two  provinces,  between  (even  and.  eij^ht  tboufand  yearly.  Per- 
haps the  lot  of  thcfe/l-i.ves  is  not  quite  i'o  bard  as  that  of  the  negroes 
in  the  Klands  ;  their  liberty,  it  ii  tiue,  is  irrepaiably  lott  in  both 
places,  but  here  they  are  tre.ic«d  with  more  mildnefs,  and  are  fup* 
ported  upon  the  fame  kind  ol  food  with  their  niallera  ;  and  if  th» 
earth  which  thfy  cultivate,  if  inoiftened  with  .their  fweat>  it  has- 
ncver  been  known  to  bluHi  with  tlu-ir  blood.  The  Aii^riran,  not 
at  all  indulh ious  by  nature,  i.s  confidciate  enough  not  to  expe<£l  too» 
much  from  his  flave,  who  in  fuch  circumttances,  ha«  fewer  inoiiveft 
to  be  laborious  than  hjn>relf.     .  .. 

The  great  risers    whic!*  vrater  this  proT''ncff,  hive  their  fovirce  I'n 
the  blue  mountains,  a  chain^  uf  which,  nuns  through  th©  whole  coun- 
ry,  from  north  to  foi;tI-..     I?eyond  thcie  rolls  the  Ohio,  tbrowgh  vaft 


)>, 


11 


orefts  and  ineadowf,  in  a  terpentine  courfe.'till  it  unites  with  the, 
IV^itiilippi  :  i^ccoidingto  the  reports  cf  trayellersj  the  fiped  and  moft 
fertile  countries  in  the  .vorlc)  extend  along  the  ihores  of  this  river. 
i*hicU  are  uevcrthciels.  .. .  yet  b-.U  ill  elcplored.  It  is  faid>  that  Ge- 
Deral  Wa^liino^ton  lud  in  contemplation,  if  ho  could  not  break  the. 
chains  ("his  country,  to.  po  ynd  .e(iti'i''><^^«n™'clf  there  with  thofc 
f|ihora  the  love  of  .liberty  and  independence  ftiould  incline  to  partake 
of  his  fate  anf!  fortune.  ,,       .,.        .  •  - 

As  y«u  advance  to  the  fouthward,  the  difF«?rcnt. degrees  of  he;it 
aire  oblervable  hy  the  difference  of  the  vegetable  produitions.  Th« 
gunv  laurel  rifes  here  info  a  ti-ee,  and  the  taflafras  becomes  tall  and 
ftately.  We  took  notice  in  Maryland,  of  a  fruit  very  common  there,, 
(|ia»p  tafted  and  bitterifh  before  it  was  ripe,  but,  like  our  forb  apples, 
lufcious,  infipid  and  flabby,  when  come  to  maturity,  being  about  the 
bignefs  of  a.plnrab,.  and  of  a  bright  yellow.    ' 

.  Almott  all  the  plants  here  are  odoriferous  :  the  white_/7i9iiTr  /t/^r- 
/g/?i>^,  of  which  the  fiejds  are  full,  is  femarkably  fo.  ^hc  cattq;- 
pillars  differ  entirely  from  thofc  of,Europe,  being  covered  witUtuftS, 
yrhich  hide  both  their  headsand  feet  :  thefe  tufts  are  long,  clofe  and. 
fmooth  as  if  they  had  been  trimmed  v^itii  fciflbrs  ;.  f9me  are  all. over, 
of  one  colour,  fuf  h  as  a  very  fine  vernniliion,  others  are  chequered 
with  regular  fpots.  ,  .  i 

,  We  found  near  the  NorthrRiver  in  the  f^ateof  New- York*  another 
fpecies  of  this  infeft ,  rem^rloble  for  itn  (*7e  and  beauty.     M.  le  Ghe*  '^ 
valier  de  Chattelux,  •  whom  th«e  great  affairs  of  ^n  army  do  not  en-j 
tirely  preclude  from  allotting:  forne  moments  to  literary  amufement|i; 
inade^me  a  preferf  t  of  one,  which  1  have  delineated    upon  paper  :  it, 
vras  about  four  inches  long,  and   had  feven  or  eight  rings  paflrng 

round 

.  •  M.  le  Chevalier  de  QhalUlux,  Mnrechal  dt  Camp,  one  of  J^e  fi^^J^l, 
memhers  of  the  French  acadtmjt  is  Major-Gtncral  mtbe  arm^^CQu^' 
iocham'jt  au»  *  .j,, 


m. 


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THROUGH     AMERICA; 


<9 


fomi'i  the  body;  its  fkin  was  tliJn  and  cf  i  liplu  r;refri,  tflioiigh 
nvhith  you  might  perceive  the  motion  of  the  biuod  in  tlir  ;ii  cries  )  * 
bis  eyeballs  v»cre  about  the  bigncfn  ot  a  pea,  and  his  tail  ^  f  a  dtrp 
y<;llow  ;  each  of  hij  rings  had  tour  little  b;anchy  h(»riis,  haul  .mci  yf 
a  jet  black,  about  two  twelfths  of  an  iiirli  long  :  his  head  wps  armed 
with  eight  more,  more  than  an  inch  in  length," ftiong,  bramhy,  and 
bent  towards  each,  other,  yelltiw,  arid  black  towards  the  rxiiemiiies, 
and  polirticd  in  the  moft  exqnifite  manner.  Thii.  ftattly  in(ed  lets 
V.«  knovy,  by  the  arrogance  c^"  its  carriage,  that  it  <s  nor  ignorant  of 
the  noble  drefs  it  wears,  and  feems  confcious  of  a  naturid  lu|^ciioiity 
over  its  fellow  worms. 

i  have  had  a  dangeroui  trial  of  the  wonderful  fubtlcty  of  the  poi- 
fon  of  a  fpecies  pf  the  fpidcr  ;  it  Hung  me  in  the  furchtsd  as  I  was 
going  to  bed  in  my  tent,but  I  hardly  fell  any  pain  in  the  fpot  vihr'C 
the  fting  had  penetrated,  and  the  pimple  it  occafionf^d  was  bsrdy 
percef lible  :  however,  lome  fiiooiings  in  the  iviufclcs  of  my  throat 
on  the  fide  next  to  the  wound,  prevented  roe  fjom  getting  any  (kep  i 
in  half  an  hour  afterward*  I  found  my  belly  was  Iwoilen,  and  my 
body  full  of  dead,  heavy  pains,  l  then  got  up  and  valked  about 
in  the  open  siir,  but  my  pains  increafing  rapidly,  coriimunicatid 
tnemfelves  to  my  back,  and  at  length  centctcd  in  ny  llomath  j  in 
a  (hort  time  I  could  (upport  mvleK  no  longer  en  my  legs,  and  in  this 
condition  was  carried  to  Williamfburg,  fiom  which  we  were  only  a 
flw  hundreds  ftf  yards  diltant  :  here  they  guvc  me  feme  volatile  al- 
., aline  falts,  and  rubbed  the  part  where  I  iiadb^fn  Uui><t;  but  not- 
y 'thftanding  this,  the  oppreflion  at  my  ftomach  intjcaitd,  and  my 
pains  became  more  and  more  violent}  bletding  was  of  litilt  or  no 


irritation.     ..  ..„„ r-  -  .-  

painful  (hootings  in  my  nerves,  *  a  kind  of  malady  1  could  hardly 
give  credit  to,  were  I  not  a^ually  the  fufllrer. 

In  Maryland,  1  bejian  to  pick  up  pctriiied  fliell  CC.\,  where  there 
if  great  plenty  on  the  fhnres  of  the  bay,  but  in  the  neighbouj-hood 
of  William-fburg  I  have  feen  the  gcoiind  guttered  out  to  the  depth  of 
more  than  twenty- five  feet  lay  the  land  floods,  and  dilch.linfT  yalt 
quantities  of  thefe  fubftanccs,  thegreatcr  part  of  which  was  noi  more 
than  half  petrified. 

The  army  is  at  prefent  before  York.  We  hear  the  repoits  cf  the 
cannon  very  diftinftly;  and  I  am  now  going  to  j^jin  the  troons,  wh-.re 
1  think  I  (hall  Ihortly  have fometbing  vsiy  intcrelting  to  iu.pnt  to 

G  I  'Tin*  ^^' 

Since  mj  return  to  Fi'ance  I  have  bad fii-wal  touches  <f  tb£ ft  pre ni  if» 


,.(-»••(.. 


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'50  NEW      TRAVELS 

L  E  T  T  E  R  xr.    Tie  combined  Furees  march  from  Hllliam/hurg..^^* 

fork  kvfjffj. yarioHs  pnp-iratorj  opiraliont  qftlit  armj.. Eat. 

Urits  opentdupvt  the  toivn The  Charon  burnt DiJIrtJfid  fitw 

atiou  ofLorJCrntvallis. rareUtotii  txptditian Htfulfed  by 

tht  Duke  de  Lauzun. RrJIeaions  upon/teget  end  battles. A  par^ 

tyojtbebefugedjurprixe  a  French   battery Lord  Corn'walUs  en. 

^(aveurj  to  efcapt  in  the  night  to  Glocefler. PrcvtHted  by  badivea. 

,      tier Sends  out  a  flag, CJftrs  to  capitulate rhe  articles  of 

furrender, Mutual  hatred  betiLixt  the  Englijh  and  the   Americans. 

* Drpu£lion  cfth^  town  tf   York  from   the  cannonadittg. Tht 

troops  f^t  into  ivinter  quartirt. 

Camp  at  York,  November  6,  1781. 

TV  E  combined  army  left  Wiliiamfburg  the  iStli  of  Septem- 
ber, with  a  view  to'invclt  Yoik  ;  and  advanced  the  fame  day 
tc  wnhin  three  quarteij  of  a  league  of  the  town.  Such  approaches 
asthefe  are  not  commonly  made  without  great  circnmlpeftioh,  fince 
the  cncmipmcnts  muft  necefl'irily  be  multiplied  in  proportion  as  you 
draw  near  to  the  enemy,  but  the  impatience  of  thetxoops  for  aiiion 
rendered  them  rather  too  -venturefbrne  on  this  occaHon,  not  hefita- 
ting  to  march  twelve  miles  in  the  face  of  the  enemy  through  dange- 
rous woods,  upon  a  loofe,  fandy  foil,  and  through  the  molt  exceflive 
heats.  One  of  our  young  Colonels  went  fo  far,  as  to  ufe  every  ar- 
gument he  could  think  of  to  ;trevail  upon  General  Waflnngton  to 
liiffcr  him  to  attack  tworcdoubis  that  lay  in  our  way.  The  General 
referred  the  matter  to  M.  le  Cnmte  de  Rochambeau,  to  whom  he 
had  intrutted  the  immediate  dircdfion  of  the  fiege,  but  Count  Ro- 
chambeau thought  it  more  prudent  to  give  the  troops  a  littl<»  time 
for  jepoie,  and  reconnoitre  the  places,  before  he  made  any  attempt 
tf that  kind. 

A  body  of  Ameiicans,  headed  by  th^  Marquis  de  la  Fayette,  com- 
pofcd  the  right  column,  and  the  French,  preceded  by  their  grenadi- 
ers and  cliallcurs  (oimed'  the  left.  The  army  of  M.  le  Comte  de  Ro-* 
chnmbeau,  confuting  of  the  regiments  of  Bourbomais.  Royal  Deux 
Fontf,  Soijjbmuiis  and  Sain'otigc  was  placed  in  the  centre  :  The  troops 
un(ier  the  command  of  M.  de  isaint  Simon  extendcl  to  the  left  as  far 
as  York  river,  and  the  Americans  occupied  the  ri^ht,  flanked  by  the 
fame  river. 

On  tite  thirtieth,  the  enemy  evacuated  the  two  redoubts,  which 
the  young  Colonel  was  fur  .ittacking  upon  our  firR  arrival  :  they 
were  diftant  about  four  hundred  toiles  [eight  hundred  yardsj  from 
their  main  works,  and  upon  their  leaving  them,  the  French  imme- 
diately rook  pofieifion. 

On  the  firlt  of  c;6lober  in  tke night,  the  Americans  began  two  re- 
dyabts  to  the  right  of  the  others.     The  enemy  diCcovcring  this,  in- 
ilantly  turned  their  fire  that  way,  and  as  we  expedfed,  feveral  of  th& 
American  woiknicn  were  killed.     This,  however,  did  not  at  all  in-  ^ 
tiniidate  their  companions,  who  held  on  at  their  'bufinefs   with  thoyi^ 
lame  ardour  as  if  no  accident  had  happened.'-  )|p 

*  Thifc  ixae  militia  meiif  (g  'whta  tht/*ege  'wat  a J^eilack altogethr^ 


t 


Jit* 


THROUGH      AMERICA; 


51 


The  army  was  bofy,  till  the  fixtli*  in  conftru^llng  lon^  and  fttort 
fafciHei,  gabions,  and  landing  the  ui  tillery  and  nuunuiuiiun.  \V« 
were  foon  aft«i  in  a  Ittu^tiua  to  open  the  trencher.  'I'hc  regimcntt 
pf  Buurbonnais  and  Soiflbiinai«,ci>Mim:uided  by  tiaron  de  Viunirnily 
and  fifteen  hundred  Americans  under  the  Marquis  de  la  Fayitte> 
pofled  themfelves  all  night  in  a  deep  ravine  to  prutett  tho  'ilteeii 
nundred  workmen  on  vhe  right.  At  the  fame  time  the  regiment  do 
Touraine  opened  the  intrcnthmcnt  on  the  left,  and  raifcd  a  battery 
overagaintt  a  redoubt,  detached  hom  the  main  works,  and  intended 
to  keep  off  the  fire  direi5)ted  from  the  right  of  the  enemy.  The  ac- 
-tivity  of  the  workmen  and  the  natural  loofrnels  of  the  foil,  to  our 
great  allonilhment,  put  the  parallel  into  a  ftate  to  tecuitre  the  troops 
on  the  next  day.    They  entered  it  about  noon,  with  drums  l)cating. 

The  opening  of  the  trenches,  which  is  ordinarily  the  molt  fatal 
period  of  a  fiege,  was  in  this  inttance  executed  without  the  effulioa 
of  blood  }  a  circumllancc  the  more  fortunate,as  the  wounded  would 
have  been  unprovided  with  flraw  to  lie  on,  and  linen  rags  for  the 
dreffing  of  their  wounds.  1  his  wnt  performed  on  the  yth  :  on  f h« 
Sth  and  9th  they  laboured  hard  in  conftiuding  batteries,  which 
were  prolecuted  with  fuch  expedition  th.it  tholi:  of  tfie  Amcricant 
and  Monficur  de  St.  Simon  opened  about  five  in  the  evening.  J^he 
latter  foon  forced  a  frigate  to  nmvefiom  her  moorings,  that  had 
been  very  troublefome  in  firing  upon  our  encampments  ;  tlicy  al- 
fa  levelled  a  red  hot  bail  at  the  Charon,  a  forty-four  gun  (l)ip,  ;uid 
burnt  her,  as  they  did  likewife  a  (bop.  The  battel ies  of  CountRo. 
Chambeau  began  to  play  on  the  tenth,  at  feven  io  the  n)on>ing:  } 
snd  now  the  difference  of  the  two  firings  could  eafily  be  dittingui/h- 
ed  J  that  of  the  enemy  was  flow  and  irrej;(ilar,  while  ours  w.is  biil]?; 
and  well  fupported.  Our  engineers  had  pitched  upon  the  mod  ad- 
vantageous pofitions,  and  the  artillery  men  made  every  difchai,oj4 
take  effeft  by  the  exadtncfs  of  their  aim,  and  their  alcrtncfs  in  woric- 
inglthe  gtins. 

Lord  l5)rnwnllis  had  not  prepared  his  troops  for  fuch  falutationa 
as  thefc  5  he  had  allured  them,  on  the  contrary,  "thi^t  we  weie  un- 
provided with  battering  cannon,  and  had  only  fume  field  piscts} 
that  our  troops  were  raw  and  unlkilled  in  war,  aixl  that  thole  of 
M.  de  Saint  Simon  in  particular,  were  nothing  bctttr  than  undifci- 
plined  vagabonds,  collefted  in  the  Welt  Indies,  enervated  by  a  hot- 
climate,  and  would  foon  be  conquered,  were  it  only  by  the  firft  at- 
tacks of  cold  weather,  prevalent  in  tbole  countries  :  arjd  as  ttt  the 
American  troops,  they  knew  very  well  what  didrtired  circunofiances 
they  were  in  }  and  finally,  tiiat  powerful  fuccours  from  New-York 
would  foon  put  them  in  a  fuuation  to  befiege  the  befiegers." 

This  harrangue  did  but  increafe  their  confternation.  As  fcon  as. 
they  began  to  hear  the  terrible  roaring  of  our  batteries,  we  that  viere 
on  the  heights  faw  them  flying  precipitately  from  their  redoiibts, 
while  their  batteries  in  an  inftant  were  entirely  filenced.  They  iVad 
.  been  quiet  fpeftators  of  our  labours,  and  we  now  became  fo  in  our 
turn  with  refpefl  to  them.  At  this  time  I  watched  an  opportunity. 
.  \o  traVerfeoi'r  lines,  which  confifted  of  a  large  ditch,  broad  enough. 
for  carriages  to  travel  in,  about  four  feet  in  dcptij,  and  covered  by 
a  i^l^part  of  gabions,  or  cylindrical  bafkets,  fixed  upon  the  ground^- 
^^    intans  of  projecling  ftakes,  filled  4nd  coveted  over  with  looTe 


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NEW      TRAVELS 


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dl'^f,  and  forming  a  heigfit  of  about  feven  feet  on  the  fide  towards 
the <nemy.  The  batteriss  were  placed  upon  platforiTis,  on  the  infidet 
otthe  ditch,  railed  and  ltreiigthen»d  with  p^lifadoes.  The  quarter 
iifxt  ihe  enemy  was  coveicd  by  a  large  parapet,  in  which  were  tti<5 
embralurCs  for  the  cannon  j  all  thcfe  woiks,  as  well  as  moft  of  thofe 
t)f  the  Englifti  confided  wh6!ly  of  caith. 

I  now  beheld  the  cannon,  thofe  infernal  machines,  playing  with  the 
^tmoit  furv  !  I  faw  the  rapid  bulict  linking  or  rebounding  from  the 
redoiibvs  of  the  enemy,  and  dr  V4i.»r  ttnough  the  air  the  planks  and 
timber,  which  formed  the  embralurcsfor  the  great  guns.*  I  foilowed 
vitb  iTiV  eye,  in  its  parabolic  path,  t)ie  How  and  deltrcfVive  bomb, 
fometimes  burying  it I'eifiu  the  roofs  o<  houies,  fcmetiroes  when  it 
burft  raifing  clouds  of  dull  and  rubbilh  fjom  the  rolns  o!  the  build- 
in"-s  'at  other  times  blowing  the  unfortunate  wretches,  thathappened 
to^e  within  its  reach, more  than  twenty  feet  high  in  the  air,&  letting 
them  fnU  at  a  coi-i'iderable  dillance  mOlt  pitiably  torn.  Such  terri- 
ble i\f  hts  as  th^le  fix  and  captivate  the  aitfintion,  and  £11  the  mind 
, atthe  laiTi?  inltnnt  wr.h  troub;£j^  wonder  and  conllernation.  "  Th5 
ttfieged  (faid  the  dci'oriers^  arc  in  the  utmoft  confufion  ;  not  kno«i(r 
ine  where  to  tlV'  death  ftiits  them  even  in  the  arms  of  fleep  :  and 
the  G'foeral,  uneafy  at  the  dilccntent  of  the  Hefiians,  no  longer  con-^ 
fides  his  ndvanctd  guard  to  any  but  the  Kngli(h  ioJdiers."' 

We  ha  J  to  pats  to  our  entrenclimcnis  through  a  nan'ow  defile,where 
the  etitniv  printipaily  dirf^ed  tbtir  fire,  and  the  fjrtt  lodgment  for 
iach  R3  ihould  chsnce  to  be  wounded  was  but  a  fmall  dilfancc  off. 
I  advanced  thither  as  faft  as  my  health  and  ftrength  would  permit, 
and  perceived  that  the  bullets  often  fell  upon  the  fafcine  cabbin  iix 
which  we  'vere.  I  htre  obfei  ved,  in  the  dead  of  night,  the  differ^-nt 
degrees  of  cvjlcrity  bctwijit  the  lisfh,  the  found,  and  the  projected 
body.  The  light  preceded  the  found,  and  the  found  the  ftroke,  but 
at  a  much  lefs  conaderable  interval  of  time.  .  '  \ 

T  iKLKloN,  that  impetuous  leader.who  had  fprcad  terror  through 
thc'r  whcl£  march  fixmCaroHna, on  the  day  that  the  batteries  ofCount 
Koi".-and>e;ui  began  to  play  macfs  a  faliy  by  way  of  Glocefter,  at  the 
head  of  hrs  legion  conlitting  of  four  hundred  picked  men.  M.  Ic 
Choi^,  Brlgiidier-General,  then  marched  agnintt  him  with  a  part  of 
bi<5  f  oops, who  together  with  M.  le  Due  deLanzun.at  the  head  of  hit. 
.  BuiTais,  fcpnired  him  with  the  lols  of  about  filty  of  his  men  :  this 
event  was  a  thunder  ftroke  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  country,who  had 
Kiiherto  believed  Tarleton  invincible,  and  torm-d  a  judgment  of  his 
talents  from  t'oe  boldn^is  ot  his  thefts  md  robbc  ri«js.      -    '. 

In  the  night  of  the  eleventh  we  opened  a  fecond  parallel,  at  about 
three  hundred  yards  from  the  enemy's  main  works  :  a  prodigious 
quaniity  of  royal  grenades,  or  tpnad  bombs,  from  the  enemy  difturb- 
ed  Ihe  w  <ir.en  a  good  (,>rd,  which  did  not  however  prevent  them 
from  poinji;  ow  with  alacrity  ;  but  we  now  rcicxed  the  fire  of  o»r 
artil'tiy  for  tear  of  doing  tl. cm  damage  by  our  fliot,  as  wellasbecattre'. 
we  began  to  deniwlnh  our  old  batteries  to  ccnllniit  nevr  one*.  At  '  v 
this  time  the  fire  of  the  rnemv  became  hrifker  thiin  ufvial  '    :     *" 

'J  xuc  bravery  manittib  itfelf  chiefly  in  ficges.  The  conf«fit>t»;jt*«      v' 

.-';■•■.  ,-  hurry,-     _^^'- 

,  Ours  nvrs  nadt  offafchiPt^    afui  ififfquentlj  W£re  lefi  tfcpofeMo  tf   '  " '* 


THROUGH      AMERICA: 


53 


■irtf.''.,. 


hurry,  theexample  of  others,  all  contribute  during  a  battle,  to  roufe, 
niQvc  and  animate  the  moit  timid,  who,  in  an  inltant  become  fupe< 
rior  to  themfelves  :  but  jn  the  long  continued  fatigues  of  a  fiege, 
Where  dangers  are  inceiTantly  growing  out  of  each  other,  where,  in 
the  (ilence  and  foiitude  of  daiknefs  we  have  to  face  death  with  cocIf 
Viefsand  unconcern,  to  reile6V  on  its  confequence/and  horrors  with 
calmneU,  and  fet  the  real  lofs  of  lite  in  conapetition  ^ith  theuncer« 
tai«)ty  of  our  hopes  and  expectations  in  a  (fate  of  futurity,  then  it 
is  that  the  courage  of  a  warrior  proves  itfeif  to  fpring  from  an  un* 
bounded  love  of  honour^  and  an  invincible  attachment  to  his  duty. 
'■'■.  The  French,  in  this  fiege,  Teemed  to  become  rivals  to  e?ch  otlier  , 
and  each  officer  envied  the  lot  of  him  vvhc  was  fent  upon  attempts  of 
the  greatcft  danger  j  they  hurried  away,  with  the  curiofity  which  I 
cannot  but  cailiaihnetis  and  matJnefs,  to  examine  the  works  of  the 
f  neroy,  and  halten  the  progrcfs  of  our  owa>  Even  the  obfcure  com- 
pion  loldier,  whoTc  life  and  death  is  equally  configned  to  oblivioii,*' 
ftrove  to  outdo  his  renowned  oHicers  inthefe  daring  enterptizes,  and 
>vent  up  in  defiance  of  the  enciny  to  th:  Very  edgesof  their  intrench- 
ipents.  Tl^e  miner  with  his  axe  in  \nU  hand,  advanfefl^with  a  de- 
termined Itfj*  through  a  Ihower  ©t  grape  Ihot  to  cut  down  the  tree 
at  his  leifure,  which  perhaps  (hielded  him  from  deftruftion.  The 
corps  cf  artillery,  fo  diltinguifhed  by  the  -jbilities  and  intrepidity  of 
their  officers,  weie  no  lefs  (q  by  the  adlivity,  fpirit  and  courage  of 
their  foldicry.*  General  VVaftiington  himult  beheld  the  cftetfs  of 
this  daring  fpirit  with  aftoni(hment}  abomb  or  a  bullet,  fortunate- 
ly pointed,  excited  in  them  the  Uvely  emotions  of  an  eager  huntf* 
roan,  who  is  upon  the  point  of  feising  his  piey.     ;-  .  •    , 

A  gunner,  at  one  of  me  embraftires,  had  hi*  footcarriec^  away  by 
a  bullet.  I  tried  to  confble  the  unhappy  man  in  the  firlf  moments  cf 
bis  anguifh,  when  hegave'mefor'anrwer,--"lainlersafHi6fed  forthelols 
of  my  toot,  than  for  being  fo  unfortunate  as.not  to  have  had  time, 
before  it  li.ippened,  to  dilcharge  the  cannon  I  bad  pointed  with  fo 
much  care  !"--He  Toon  after  died  of  his  wound,  and  never  ceafed  to 
complain,  till  the  lalf,  of  the  failure  he  had  made  in  firing  the  piece. 
As  long  as  we  were  working  at  the  batteiies  of  the  fecond  paral- 
lel, the  fire«f  the  enemy  was  inceffantly  kept  up.  The  W9rks,  that 
were  carried  on  with  the  greatelt  vigour,  were  not,  however,  ex-v. 
tended  as  far  as  the  affsilants  witheJ.  They  demanded,  with  vehe- 
ment exclamations,  to  be  led  on  to  attack  thetvtro  detached  redoubts 
which  incommod.-?d  tljem  much,  and  the  pofleffion  of  which,  would 
suable  them,  to  enfilade  a  part  of  the  works  ot  the  enemy  i  The  ea- 
g'er  valour  of  the  baron  de  Viomenil,  was  particularly  impatient  of 
reltraintin  this  enterprize,  when,  at  length,  on  the  i+th,  he  was  or- 
dered to  attack  one  of  them,  having  under  him  Count  William  de 
Deux  Fonts,  fecond  Colopel  of  the  regiment  of  Royal  Deux 
Points  and  M.t  le  Chevalier  de  Lameth,  AideMarecbat  :  Tb6 
MArquis  de  la  Fayette  commanded  the  attack  upon  the  other,  and 
:  ,    ■  M-.  ■:  ' 

>    *  '^hsfoldiers  ofthefe  nrpt,  are  no  nvay  inferior  to  the  other t  in  brifverVp 
ftfUplikntj/t  and  afonumji  for  doing  their  ttuty.     I  muf  conjcfs  they  are  not 
f^ftcHguedhy  condani  extrcife,  mrfubje^ed  to  fo  fever t  a  difdpliye  as  the 
a^ffri^  and  Lh^refore  if  the  fame  ends  can  beaccomplifbedhy  morefimfle  me- 
"i&dt,  lefs  fatiguing  to  the  officers,  and  lefs  hard  upon  the  filUitrSf   lubj 
^^uU  ive  hi/date  to  f  refer  that  mode  wbicb  ij  tbe  tajtefi  f 


•'•'■« 


,i  '^:i 


:|':jfe 


54- 


NEW      T  R  A  V  E  L  S^ 


M.  de  Gimat  was  placed  under  his  dire£lion.--both  redoubts  w«rf 
token  fAord  in  hnnd ;  but  unfortunately  CountWilliam  was  wound- 
ed, and  the  Chevalier  de  Lameth  mortally  in  both  his  knees. 

The  following  night  four  hundred  of  the  befieged,  pretending  to 
be  Americans,  lurprized  one  of  our  batteries,  nailed  up  fcven  pieces 
of  cannon,  killed  Ibrae  foldiers,made  a  few  prifoners,  and  wounded 
about  thirty  i  a  lad  of  fifteen  years  old,  lervant  to  an  officer,  who 
vvas  Ileeping  jutt  by,  was  Itabbed  with  a  bayonet  in  thirteen  or  four- 
teen dltieient  puts  of  his  body.  The  regimeqt  of  SoiiTonnaist 
vhich  was  poltcd  a  fraall  diftance  off,  knew  nothing  of  this  alfai^ 
till  it  was  over,  becaule  the  officer  who  commanded  the  redoubt 
had  given  orders  not  to  fire,  or  make  an  alarm  at  the  approach  6^ 
theie  pretended  Americans  ;  this  regiment,  however,  foon  haftened 
up,  and  had  not  the  Lieutenant  Colonel  of  Saintonge  founded  a  re- 
treat, the  Englifh  would  have  been  completely  furrounded.  Several 
of  the  enemies  foldiers  were  wounded  and  brought  to  our  hofpitals, 
and  the  men  who  a  moment  before  had  been  cutting  each  others 
ihro.us,  were  now  col!e6led  under  the  fame  roof,  and  received,  in- 
dilcriininatei^,  the  fame  care  and  attention.  And  thus  it  is,  that 
in  the  midlt  of  the  horrors  that  diftrefs  and  difgrace  our  nature,  ther^ 
are  itill  feme  traces  left  of  the  once  noble  and  exalted  difpofition  of 
mankind.  , 

On  the  fixteenth  and  feventeenth,  our  new  batteries  began  to  play  j 
broke  (bme  paili(adoe$,  and  even  made  a  breach  in  the  enemy's 
^AO^ks.  Lord  Cornwailis  finding  himfelf  upon  the  point  of  being 
torn  and  crufned  from  every  quarter,  now  took  the  defperate  refolu- 
tion  (if  paffuig  over  in  the  night  to  Glocefter,  a  port  ]lill  lefs  capable 
of  defence  than  York.  Bad  weather,  however,  hindered  him  fromi 
accomplifliing  his  purpofe,  and  on  the  ieventeenth,at  ten  in  the  morn- 
ing, he  fent  a  fi:ig  to  alk  a  ceflation  of  amis  for  twenty-four  hours  : 
the  deputies  weie  reminded  of  the  behaviour  of  their  Generals  at 
Charleftown  and  Savannah  in  Hmilar  circumftances,  and  had  their  re- 
qiieft  refuferl.  Another  flag  then  came  out  propofing  a  furrender, 
when  two  hours  iuTpenfion  of  arms  was  granted  them,  which  term 
vas  afterwards  prolonged.  Lord  CornwalHs  delired  to  know  what 
termj  i>f  capitulation  were  to  be  allowed  him.  •  Those  ofCharles- 
TO\v(i,'lainf*yerc(l  (general  WaOiington,  with  fpirit  and  Judgment, 

By  thu«';recal!ing  a  vi^lory  to  their  remembrance,  in  which  they 
Iiad'mintfeffed  the  molt  overbearing  infolence,  he  taught  them  to, 
trsat  thc;i^rtiericans  in  a  different  manner,  for  the  time  to  ceme, 
when  fhefj>'flionld  happen  to  fall  under  their  power.  M.  le  Vicomfe 
t^e  IMo.liHes'aiu)  Mr.  Laurens,  an  American  officer  of  great  merit,  foa 
of  that  Prelidentof  Congrefs,  who  was  fo  long  in  the  tower  of  Lon- 
don, aded  as  commitiioners  on  this  occafion.  The  firft  requeft  the 
Englilh  deputies  made  was  to  know  the  names  of  our  chief  ii-ngi- 
reers  and  officers  of  artillery  j  for  they  declared,  that  it  was  not  ih 
the  power  of  man  to  point  out  perfons  poflefTed  of  greater  talents  T 
fkill  in  their  pr(»fenjon. 

On  the  ti^liteentti  of  Offober,  about  noon,  the  articles  of  CapitUf 
lation  were  (l^ned,  and  on  the  nineteenth.  Lord  Cornwailis  and  h^ 
army  furrendered  themfelves  prifuners  of  war.<i— — 

ARTICLES 


W^ 


bi 

fo 


'.»* 


■f 


THRouoH     AMERICA. 


B^ 


If 


ARTICLES  of  Capitulation  agreed  upon  bet  ween  kis  excelhncy  Ct' 
neral  Wajbington,  Count  Rochambeati  and  Count  de  Craje  on  the  on? 
parti  and  the  right  Honourable  Earl  Cornivallif,  Lieutenant  GentnA 
of  the  forces  of  his  Britannic  MajeJI^,  evmmanding  the  garrifons  at  York 
in  Virginia^  of  the  other  part. 

Article  1.  The  garrifons  of  York  and  Glocefter,  including^  t!i* 
officers  «nd  Tailors  oJ  the  (hips  of  his  Britannic  Majefty,  as  well  as 
the  marines,  fhall  furrender  themfelves  prilbners  of  war  to  the  com- 
bined forces  of  America  and  France.  The  land  forces  frnll  be  pri- 
foners  to  the  United  States,  and  the  marine  (hall  belong  to  the  hceir 
of  his  moft  Chriftian  Majeftjr. 

*.  The  artillery,  arms  and  cloathing,  the  military  treafure  and 
the  public  magazines  of  what  kind  foever,  (liall  be  given  up  without 
wafte  or  diminution,  to  the  chiefs  of  the  different  dcpartnients,  that 
fliall  be  appointed  to.  receive  them. 

3.  To  day,  at  noon,  the  two  redoubts  upon  the  left  flank  of  York 
fliall  he  delivered  up,  one  to  a  detachment  of  the  American  army, |th« 
other  to  a  detachmant  of  the  French  grenadiers.  The  garrifon  fliali 
march  out  to  the  place  to  be  agreed  upon,  in  the  front  of  the  army, 
with  their  mufquets  on  their  fnoulders,  the  drums  beating  an  Erglifh 
or  German  march,  and  the  colours  in  their  cafes.  They  fhall  there 
depofit  their  arms  and  return  to  their  encampments  ;  where  they 
will  remain  till  they  fttnll  depart  for  the  plate  of  their  deitinatior. 
The  two  works  at  Gloucefter  Ihall  be  delivered  up  at  the  fame  tirn'J 
to  two  detachments  of  French  and  American  troops,  that  fliall  be 
fcnt  to  take  poHefTion  of  them,  andthe  garrifon  ftial!  march  ont  at 
three  this  afternoon,  the  cavalry  with  their  fwords  drawn  and  trum- 
pets founding,  and  the  infantry  will  file  off  in-the  manner  prefciibed 
to  the  garrifon  of  York,  and  return  to  their  encampment  till  fuch 
times  a!»  they  (hall  be  finally  marched  off  to  the  place  appointed. 

4..  The  officers  (liall  retain  their  f^fords,  and  both  officers  and 
foldiers  (hall  keep  their  private  property  of  every  kind  ;  no  part  of 
their  baggage  nor  papers  (IilUI  be  liable  to  be  fearched  or  examined  ; 
and  fuch  baggage  and  papers,  belonging  to  the  officers,  as  were  taken 
during  the  fiege,  fliall  lie  kept  fate  for  them.  1/  is  to  be  u>:,UyJ}tod  thct 
the  property  of  the  inhabitant  f  of  the  Stats,  lubich  Jhall  be  ^ifiblj  in  the 
bands  oj  the  garrijon   niay  be  reclai?ned.*  5. 

•  This  lafl  clatiCe  of  the  article  cauftd  great  dificultj  on  the  part  of  the 
Englijh.  1  heftmple  fupppftion  that  they  had pUindired  the  inhi'hilcmh  ijua^s 
buM'Jiating  ;  if  it  '.vas  proved,  it 'ivould  be  difjcnourabk.  Ihij  motvue, 
as  tut'll  as  the  no'velty  oj'th  fight,  --was  the  occnfion  of  many  thoifcnJs  of 
Americans  flocking  doivn  tojee  the  furrender  op  York.  Ibcir  mo'i  imper- 
iant  ohjeSi  was  the  negroes.  There  hdn}e  hi  en  fe-veral  anecdotes  hiuidfd 
about  relative  to  reclainiid property,  one  of'tuhich  bears  rather  hard  upon 
Tarlitofi.  He  fnt  out  one  day  to  dine  nuith  o/:c  of  cur  conunnnJing  officers, 
ttnd  nuas  mounted  upon  a  very  fine  horje,  accompanied  by  fiver  al  trench 
4idsde  Camp.  An  American  injl/tntty  appeared  and  claimt  J  his  hcrfi,  run 
Up, flopped  him  and  obliged  the  Colonel  to  difmount,  loading  h;m  at  the  fame 
tim  -with  the  mofl  bitter  invedix'ts.  Scmehody  then  I'-ni  him  a  I'try^n-.ean 
Hee^,  upon  •vuhtch  he  arrinjfd  among  cur  rflicers,  ivko  ivere  utterly  at  aiofi 
^'(QHtri'veho'wa  tnm  of  fa  mwhj^irtt  ccuUfttdurt  tg  be  fa  kutrMj  mountadr 


ir. 


is 


NEW        TRAVEL 


5.  The  foldiery  fliall  remain  in  Virginia,  Maryland  orferiniylvi* 
liia,  and  fhall  be  dittribated  by  regiments  as  much  as  pofllible :  thty 
tvi'i  receive  the  fame  rations  as  the  American  foldiers  )  and  an  officer 
ot  each  nation,  F.nglifh,  Anfpach  or  Hcfliaii,:  and  other  officers^  upon, 
their  parole,  in  the  proportion  of  one  to  iijftv  men^fhall  have  liberty 
to.reOde  near  their  reCpeftive  regiments,  to  vifit  them  often,  and  be 
vritnefTes  of  their  treatment  :  the  ofHcers  will  receive  and  diftiibute 
the  cloathing-and  other  neceflaries,  and  paitports  (hall  be  gr;Jnifed  for 
them  whenever  they  are  demanded.  TheOeneral,  thofe  in  civil  oiH- 
ces,  and  other  ofhceri  not  employed  as  mentioned  in  the  foregoing 
article,  and  who  ihall  defire  it,  fhall  have  peimiflion  to  go  to  New- 
York  upon  their  parole,  to  England,  or  any  American  poft,  aftually 
in  the  poffeffion  of  the  Englifli  forces,  as  they  (hall  fee  i&t. 

<.  The  Count  de  Graffe  (hall  (apply  the  necelTary  vefTels  to  carry 
them  to  New-York,  in  ten  days,  reckoning  frora'the  date  of  tbefe  ar- 
ticles, by  way  of  flag  r>r  truce,  anrd  they  (hall  remain^in  a  place  to  be 
agreed  upon,  till  they  arc  ready  to  emt^rk.  The  officers  of  the  civil 
department  of  the  army  and  marine,  are  included  in  this  article  : 
snd  palTports  by  land  (hall  be  given  thofe  wbo  cannot  he  furniihed 
with  vellett  to  go  by- water. . 

7.  The  oSicers  (hall  be  permitted  to  keep  fuldiers  with  them  in 
quality  of  fervants,    according  to  the  common  ufage  of  the   army: 
thofe  fervants  who  are  not  foldiers,  are  not  to  be  confidered  as  prU, 
foners of  war,  and  may  go  with  their  matters.  ■'[ 

8.  The  Bonetta  (k»up  of  war  (hall  be  fitted  for  fea,  and  retained' 
by  her  former  captain  and  crew,  and  left  wholly- to  the  difpofal  of 
Lord  Cornwallis,  from  the  moment  the  Capitulation  fliallbe  Hgned. 
She  (hall  take  on  board  an  ^id  de  Cam^  to  oarry  difpatches  to  Sir 
i^tnry  Clinton.  The  (bldiers  that  he  (kail  judge  proper  to  fend  to 
New-York  may  go  off  without  being  examined,  whenever  his  diC. 
|iatche$.ihall  be  ready  1  hi?  Lord(hip  will  engage  on  his  part  that  tke 
veiTel  (liall  be  reftored  to  the  orders  of  Count  de  Gra(re  if  (be 
cfcapes.  the  dangers  of  the  fea,  and  ti.^t  he  will  not  cajry  off 
any  pubiic  property  in  her,  and  will  keep  an  account  of  the  number 
of  the  (bldiers  a\id  crew  that  (hall  be  wantingon  her  return,  and  which 
be  engages  to  account  for.  V 

9.  The  merchants  to  retain  their  eflefts,  and  (hall  be  allowed 
three  months  to  diCpofe  of  their  property,  or  carry  it  away,  and  are 
not  to  beconfidered  as  prifooers  of  war— (Anfwer) — the  merchants 
may  fell  their  e(fe£l$,  the  allied  army  to  have  the  Aid  right  of  pUr- 
chafe.     (Thenierchants  to  be  held  prifoneri  of  war.) 

10.  The  natives  or  inhabitants  of  the  different  parts  of  the  coun»' 
try,  at  prefect  in  York  and  Glocefter,  are  not  to  be  puni(hed  for  hav- 
ing joined  the  Engli(h  army'— —Anfwer-r-— This  article  cannot  be 
agreed  to,  as  it  is  wholly  a  matter  of  civil  concern. 

Hofpitals  (hall  be  furnifticd  for  the  fick  and   wounded  }  who 


If. 


iliall  be  attended   by   their  own  furgeons  on  parole,  and  furni(hed  ' 
with  medicines  and  provifions  from  the  American  ftdres— — Anfwer  . 
•-—The  Hofpital   (lores  at  prefent  in  York  and  Glocefter,  (hall  be 
given  up  tor  the  ufe  of  the  fick  and  wounded  of  the  Engli(h  }  and 
they  (h^H  have  paflports  to  procure  (upplies  from  New -York,  at  oc- 
CA^an  (fiall  require  ;  and  proper  hofpitals  (hall  be  furniihed  for  re-*, 
cciving  the  iiU  AAd  vrouAdcd  qf  t>9th  garnf^joi/  4,  ^ 


1% 


?» 


thl 


tti 
pla 


T  H R  o  V OH     A  M  E  R  I  C  a: 


57 


,..!».  Waggons  (hall  be  provided  to  carry  the  baggage  of  fuch  cfH- 
«rs  as  fhall  remain  with  the  foliiiers,  as  well  as  ihe  furgeons,  wheh 
;rave'ling  for  the  purpofe  of  recovering  the  (ick,  and  wounded  .  and 
thislhall  beat  the  public  expence. 

, '3-  The  (hips  and  boats  in  both  harbours  (lull  be  delivered  up  with 
*ll  their  ftores,  guns  and  tackle,  in  the  condition  they  now  a'-e,  to 
an  officer  of  the  French  marine  who  fliall  be  appointed  for  that  pur- 
fofc;  firft  unloading  the  property  of  individuals,  which  had  been  put 
on  board  for  fecurjty  durtni;  the  li:ge.     ' 

.^'♦;  No  article  of  this  capitulation  to  be  violated  under  pretence  of 
rtpri(al  ?  if  there  are  any  dubious  exprelTions  in  it,  they  are  to  beex^ 
plained  according  to  the  common  form  and  import  of  the  words. 

Done  at  York,  in  Virginia,  Oftober  18,  178 1. 
■       Signed,  Cornvrallis  J Thomas  Symonds, 


M 


The  nineteenth  about  four  in  the  afternoon,  the  Englifh  and  Hef- 
iians  filed  off,  with  their  colotirscafed,  betwixt  the  Fjench  and  Ame- 
rican armies,  at  the  head  of  which  were  General  VVaHiington  and 
<bouiit  Kpchambeau  :  the  garrifon  at  Glocefter  marched  oiit  before 
the  'tt-Qop'i  of  M.  de  Choifi.  Lord  Cornwallis  pretended  ficknelo,  to 
Avoid  appearing  on  this  occafion,  and  it  was  faid,  he  gr\ve  himlelf  up 
•ntirely  t»  vexation  and  defpair  :' indeed  it  was  no  wonder,  for  he 
rtbw  faw  the  fruit  of  many  years  fuccefs  vanilh  in  a  moment:  the 
painful,  laborious  tttarch  he  had  made  through  the  defert,  half  peop- 
led region  of  North-Carolina,  in  order  to  conquer  Virginia,  was  novr 
entirely  loft.  '  An  army,  h'f  whom  he  was  alraoll  adored,  confuting 
of  more  than  feven  thoufand  choice  troops,  were  obliged  to  furren- 
der  their  arms  to  an  enemy  a%  much  derpifed  as  hated  :  twelve  thoti- 
(jind  mufquets,'  more  than  two  hundred  of  iron  and  brafs  cannon, and 
i  prodigious  quantity,  of  warlike  (tores  were  now  transfened  into 
hands  that  would  inevitably  turn  them  to  the  difadvantagi;  of  his 
country  j'he  moreover  fawiheir  marine  deprived  ai  once  of  fifteen 
hundred  Tailors  and  fixty'fquare-rigged  velTcis,  exclufivc  of  a  ihip  of 
fbrty-four  guns  and  two  frigates,  befidei  the  total  lofsot  tj^it  cc^mmero 
cial  produilions  of  Virginia. .  ■.,/^ 

The  two  lines  of  the  combined  army  were  more  than  a  'Wle  f|l 
length'';  the  Americans  were  to  the  right :  but  the  dilpraportioivob- 
iervable  among  them  in  point  tf  age  and  fi/e,  and  the  difliniilajity  .of, 
their  dreftjWhith  was  aU'o  dirtv  and  ragged,  fet  off  the  Frencfi^  tc> 
great  advantage,  who,  notwithftnnding  lb  much  tatigue,  raamtsined 
at  all  times  an  ere6t,  iojidierly  and  vigorous  air.  But  we  were  alltfuf- 
prifed  at  the  good  eontiition  of  the  Englifh  troops,  as  well  a^  th^ii?  ^ 
ctegnlinefs  of  drefs,;  to  account  fof  their  good  appearance.  Corn"*' 
wallis  had  opened  all  the  rtores  to  the  foldiers  before  the  capitulatioa 
took  place.  Each  had  on  a  complete  new  fuit,  but  all  their  finery 
J  feemed  only  to  humble  them  the  more  when  contralled  with  rlie  mif- 
crable  appearance  of  the  Americans  ;  thcfe  haughty  Knglilh:nen  did 
,  jjoteven  dare  to  look  up  at  their  conquerors  :filentand  alhamed  they 
f  otie  aicer  an  other  depofited  their  arms  in  the  (tipulated  place,  and 
that  they  might  not  fink  and  die  under  their  humiliation,  we  kept 
iwfpc6tatorsata  conliderablediftance.  Upon  their  return, the  Eng- 
^^ufficer^bad  the  civility  to  pay-^  compliment  to  the  tnea'^eilof  tbe 

li  French, 


m^ 


i'ii{ 


11 


V'   1 

f.'  > 


5* 


NEW      TRAVELS 


Frenci),  which  they  did  not  deig^n  to  do  to  the  American!    of  the 
hijheft  rank..  1 

riiis  hatrsd  betwixt  the  two  nafiont  has  manifefled  itfelf  upon  fe- 
veral  occalions  j  and  luch  of  the  Englilh  as  remained  di  farmed  at  York, 
hid  to  bear  a  great  deal  from  the  Americans, '^ho  feemed  refelved  to 
take  ample  vengeance  for  tlie  robberies  and  murders  tiiat  bad  been 
]ierpf:tr;ucd  in  their  habitations,  /vraong  others  I  fawr  the  lady  of  an 
I'nglifli  Coionel  come  lo  our  camir;  with  tears  in  her  eyes,  to  beg  th« 
prottiiiiiwn  of  a  French  guard  to  defend  her  and  her  infants  from  the 
Tioleiice  of  an  American  loldier.  The  next  day  after  the  furrender, 
the  officers  that  were  piiloners  came  over  to  view  our  entrenchments, 
but  when  they  wenc  to  examine  thofe  of  the  Americans,  they  wer«t 
driven  away  with  contempt  and  indignation.  During  the  whole  time- 
they  remaiixed  at  York,  I  do  not  remember  that  they  had  the  leaft 
connexion  or  intercoufe  with  the  Americans,  while  they  lived  upon 
familiar  teiins  wi:li  the  French,  and  fought  upon  alloccailons  to  give 
them  proofs  of  their  efteem.* 

I  have  been  through  the  unfortunate  little  town  of  York  fince  the 
fiege,  and  i'lw  many  elegant  houfts  livot  through  and  through  in  a 
thoufand  places,  and  ready  to  crumble  to  pieces  j  rich  houlhold  fur- 
niture criifhed  under  thtir  ruins,  or  broken  by  the  brutal  Engliihfol- 
«lier  }  carcaies  of  men  and  horfes,  half  covered  with  dirt,  whofe  moul- 
dering limbs,  while  they  poifoned  the  air,  Itruck  dread  and  horror  to 
the  foul  ;  Books  piled  in  heaps,  and  fcnttered  among  the  ruins  of  the 
buildings,  let  ved  to  give  me  an  idea''of  the  tafte  and  morals  of  the  in- 
habitants ;  tlitfe  weie  either  ireatiffes  of  religion  or  controvenlal  divi- 
liitv  ;  the  Ay/';>2)'  of  the  Englifli  nation,  and  their  foreign  fettlcmentt  j' 
III  rvlleiiiom  of  charters  and  i>8s  of  parliaments;  the  works  of  the  celebrat- 

^  cd  Alexander  Fope  ;  a  tiaiaiation  of  Montaig?ie''s  £J'av  i    Gil  Bias  dt 

Sannllo'ie,  and  the  exji-Uent  FJJay  upon  IVoftien,  f  by  Mr.  Ttoma*. 

The  plan  of  the  foitilicatioHs  tor  the  defenceol  York  and  Glocefter, 

lias  been  cntiiely  changed  j  they  are  drawing  them  into  a  narrower 

compals  than  beforCj  have  deftroyed  the  Englifli  works,  and  are  buly 

sft  conftrutting  new  ones.     The  travelling  artillery  is  partly  at  Wil- 

,  'Mamiburg  and  partly  at  Yotk  j  and  the   heavy  cannon  is  at  Wtlt- 

,' ^oint  (called  i^Wdtcvz)-^  in  the  maps,)  a  place  litiiatcd  between  the 

•        'two   riveis  that  form  that  of  York. 

On  the  twenty-iourth,  the  troops  began  to  go  into  winter  quarters. 
■         -['^  ■       ,  _  ■'  ■;,.  fe:--      Xhe 

t  A?S qfjicer  behiipin^  to  the  A.>Krricnv.  a>-my  remarked,  that  after  iht'/ur- 
render,  th Fnglijh  Oihaved  -Tvitb  the  fatne  o'Vtrbeariug  jttfolense  as  if  they 
had  been  (unqugrors.  the  Scots  'wpt  bitterly,  mjhile  the  Germam  only  con- 
ducieJ  tlimffl^ots  decently,  a7id  in  a  ?ija}:ncr' becoviing prifoufrs.-'Wtth  a 
fynaitncjs  ahi'i,}  atUndant  i^pcn  '■uitriquificd infulc77ce ,  the  E.nijijb  fer vilely 
^ritftredti  the  French,  'vcinly  atteinpiing  tafcrein  the  difs^race  cf  being  ««- 
/fuered  by  ihofettey  hadfo  ofitft  dcnomuiatiid  American  rebels,  andrefubm 
Hcans.  I^^j 

*  Ti:e  Eni'J^fl'  nc=i<  f papers  haw  gfuen  the  French  Jull  credit  for  the  getif 
rvfity  and  dc'luacy  <w:tk  nuhich  ihcy  treated  the  liriiijh  p-ifoners.     h  hai^ 
been  obferrjcd  that  the  Enf^iijl,  'wheu  co?tquered,  aliuoys  praife  the  giner-Jitj^ 
fflhetr  [•raicbci/ncjucioru — Have  the  Enghjh  'when  HjiihnouSye'ver,^i4iH;^. 
the  conqucrt'U  h'rench'/ian  the  fame  reajonpor  grateful  acknoiviedgimeni  Yl  '  ' 

t  'Ihere  is  hardly  a  plau  Ifl/lmrfUr,  wligrt  I  liQVf  Vkftif  tf/aii^hf'V^ 
«p/  mti  'witi  this  wsfk* 


7*  If  R  0  u  G  H      AMERICA. 


SO 


Xbe  regimenti  of  BourboonaU  and  RoyalDeux  Fonts  ar«  at  Willi.-tmi'- 
burg,  where  our  head  quarters  are  fixed.  The  regiment  of  Soillont 
nais,  and  the  grenadier  companies,  and  Chafleurs  oi  Saintunge  aie  a 
York.  The  reft  of  the  regiment  of  ijaintonge  i>  billeted  about  in  the 
country  betwixt  York  and  Hampton  j  and  this  latter  place,  luuateU 
on  Janes  liver,  if  occupied  by  the  Legion  of  Lau'^un. 

1  amj  &c. 

LETTER  XI  I.  CharaJIer  of  General  Bur^oyne.-''—Jccou/iI  of  his  uft' 
fortunate  expedition  in  ijTj  .--•^Magnamtnity  of  fir  Cuj  Carleton. — •■■ 
A  confiderable  body  of  India  nt  join  Eurpjne.——  He  makts  a  f^eich  tq 
them.-  i  •'Ticonaeroga  abandoned  by  the  jiuwicam.-'"The jumnder  of 
Central  '  oyne  and  hit  arpiy  at  '^  '•"t'^g^i.^—^A  comparifon  beiivixi 
Cttf.ji  Bu.     jnt  and  Lord  Corniui^du. 


■*■ 


York,  N on: ember  14.,  17 gr. 


THE  Atnerican  war,  the  foccefs  of  which  has  appeared  io  dubidui? 
offers  to  our  view  two  events,  almoft  unpaiallelcd  in  any  war 
that  hiftory  has  recorded  in  her  annals  s  I  mean  two  entire  atniiesi 
made  prifoncrs,  who  neverthelcfs  were  under  the  dirc^ion  ot  Gtnei  ala 
of  the  lirft  note  and  ability.  It  now  remains  to  aHc,  wliich  of  the  two 
hasdifcovered  thedeepeft  talents,  and  the  moft  activity,  or  expeiienc- 
ed  the  greatetl  obilacles,  and  committed  the  mott  mittakes. 

Being  myllilf  a  witnefs  to'theefForts  of  one  army,  and  (urrounded  by 
perfons  who  had  a  (hare  in  reducing  the  other,  having  alPj  in  tny 
hands  Tome  exa£t  and  faithful  accounts  of  that  aii'air,  I  will  venture 
»few  refieftioas. 

Let  ui  in  the  firit  place  take  a  curfory  view  of  Burgoync's  campaign, 
and  we  fliall  be  the  better  enr.bled  to  compare  him  wiih  his  brothel* . 
in  misfortune,   Lnrd  Cornnvalllt. 

Burgoyne,  formed  by  nature  with  an  a6live,  enterprifing  difpofiMonv 
animated  by  a  moft  extravagant  love  of  glory,  a  favorite  aWb  of  tbfe 
court  of  London,  was  furnilhtd  anaply  vvjth  the  means  of  fecm  ing  the 
moft  brilliant  fuccefs.  His  army  confided  of  feven  thouf^nd  ore  hun- 
dred and  leventy  three  regular  troops, Engliih  and  Germans,  exclufivg. 
of  a  corps  of  artillery,  and  (even  or  eight  hundred  men,  under  the  or- 
ders of  Colonel  St.  Leger  .•  all  iii»  officers  were  men  of  approyed  me- 
rit, and  he  was  provided  with  a  confidtiable  train  oF  artillery  and 
ammunition  of  every  fort.  Guy  Carleton, Governor ofCan^da,  who 
had  tlifrcare  of  furniHiing  the  particular  articles,  forgot  notlwng  thr.t:, 
might  contribute  to  the  iuccefs  of  thcexpedition.  The  I'ervic.t:*;  fi\ta 
Governor  had  rendered  the  Crown,— the  prtferyauon  of  Cjiii~da', 
which  was  owing  to  his  exertions  alone,  and  ihe  perfe61F  kho*|ecig>e 
be  had  of  the  whole  country,  fecm  to  h:\ve  given  hiio.tjje  heft  pV-4-*^ 
tenfions  to  the  chief  command,  but  he  had  a  Ipirit  great,  eui'i'gli.  Ij>-, 
forget  this  piece  of  injultice  j*  and  went  io  far  in  favour  of  life  rivaj, , 

'as  t' 

V  "*  Tkny  hanje  nonv  made  hint  fh/ir  command f  in  chirfin  North- J»?i-Hi-^. 
tttt^M  the  room  ff  Sir  Henry  Clintnti,     Mujortunes   are    nec.Jfay^  in  e'vry 
ccuntry  to  fdence  cohal  and  intrigue^  and  render  Dnptcrilnl  jufue  to  ir,cfit^y., 
liif  if  foo  often  bnppan^  that  applications  to  really  d{ja:yjy}^  min^  cme  t93^ 
iftHstfh^ofanyftr'vieft  /     :^  ..  '   ' 


m 


6o 


NEW      TRAVELS 


1. 


a^  to  confent  to  make  treaties  with  the  fayagei,  tho'  contrary  to  hi« 
own  private  opinion,  and  from  them  obtained  a  cunfiderabls  body  of 
Indian*  and  warriors.  The  uriltcady,  capracioui  tbniper  of  ihefi; 
f.eopW,  their  barbarvun  and  bloody  cuftoms,  their  thirft  for  plunder, 
tlieir  infi<1eiity  in  fulfilling  their  engagements,  did  not  all  hinder 
tlu  I'^nglifh  from  making  therti  the  companions  of  their  expeded' 
tonqnefts  :  Butgoyne  harrangued  them  with  an  eloquent  oration  oii 
tht  ihoie*  ot  Lake  Charaplaine,  calculated  to  inflame  their  courage 
ind  icttr^in  theii  barbariry;  But  what  influence  (Iran  eioqueoca^ 
have  over  the  minds  of  thole  msn,  whoin  thcii;  whole  language  have 
not  words  to  ftguily  cgiulj  and  humamty.X 

The  fiill  attempts  cf  hurgoync  before  Ticondet'oga/were  crowki-' 
ed  wiMi  the  moft  flattering  fuqctls.  This  place^  built  by,  theFrenrb, 
in  1756,  is  fitu.itfd  weltward,  towards  the  rtreight  that  preferves  the 
communicstion  between  the  Lakes  Geori^ty  and  Champlaine^  upon  a 
point  of  latui  coveied  *ith  fiiaip  rotks,  and  hemmed  in  by  water 
on  three  fivks.  The  pan  adjoining  the  main  land  is  covered  by  a 
d(r«*p  luarfh,  pri'd  iltfciuled  by  the  old  French  lines  :  to  thefe  the 
Americans  had  added  ieveral  other  works,  and  a  gfoup  of  fortifi- 
cations, called  by  them  a  /^/ir^  /;o«/i'.  Thty  allb  U)rt:ned  the  lum» 
mit  and  the  foot  of  a  high  mountain,  bn  theeaftern  fide,  called  Mount 
JihUpcnd'cKce,  mm\  v^'nh  aJtonilhing  aidour  ant^  iiiduftr^  united  both, 
tliefe  pults,  by  a  bridge  thrown  over  the  ftreight,  fupported  by  twen- 
ty tv«o  huge  piles,  each  fifty  feet  long,  and  twelve  thick,  faAened 
together  by  ct  amp  irons  and  large  chains.  . 

••'■'•      "  '■    Lake    ^ 


<■*    V- 


+     7hefe  Sa'vagc  behg  parcelled  out  into  numerous  tribes,  hanxt  coHfe- 

gufntly  manners  f/iore  or  Ittjs  barharoui  ;  je'veral  ofthttn  take  the   mem^ 

hratie  ikat  canjers  tht  fcull,  from  the  enemies  they  kill  in  battUf  dad  carry 

it  off  ia  triumph,  'u-iih  the  hair-on,  and  enjen  drink  their  bloods  \ 

The  iipamard^  have  bem  reproached Jor  exerctjing  cruelties  upon  tht' 

inhabiia?itj  of  tht  countries  ihiy  cotiqwrtd^  but  it  appears  thai  reproacbei 

oj  thi<  kind  are  no  hi's  ivell founded agaitijl  the  Englijb. 

'  An  Indian  fpeech  that  <wui  gi'ven   me  by  a  prof ej] or  at  Williamfhurgh,  a 

'  IraiflativnoJ  nvhuh  isjubjoined,  is  a  proof  of  this.  It  difco'vers  at  the  fame 

?;«;f,  the  bold  anUmajculwe  energy  with  lubich  tbefe favages  are  taught  bj 

nu'ureto  expi  efi  themfebves.''  ■  •■..  ,' 

Speech  of  the  Sa-vage  l-p  n  an,  in  a  General  ajfembly,  as  it  nvasfent  to  the 

Go'ver/ior  oJ  I' irginia  i  annaiy^/^.. 

**  LoNAN  ivili  no  lunger  o()poft  7naking  the  propcfed  peace  nvitb  the 

**  •while  men-       ycu  are  fenfdde  that  he  nenjer  kntnv  njohat  feur  is 

*'  thnt  he  ne'^ver  turned  his  back  in  the  day  of  battle-— -^no   Ohe  has   more 
*'  to-vefor  the  ivhiie  ihcn  than  I  ha  ve-    The  'war  ive  have  hadnuitb  them' 

*'  has  been  Lnq,  ar.d  hhody  on  both  fides rr.urs  of  bloocl  have  ran  on 

"  ail  pans,  andjct  no  gcud  has  rejuited  thn-efroin  to  any'  •  ■•   I  once  mor^tL; 
*'  repeat  it——lft  us  bi  at  ptact  nvitb  tbcjc  men  ;  /  ^  ill  forget  ouKi/ijUYiK  ■ 
"  rics,thc  intirefl  of  v:y  coitntrj  demands  it——l  nxull forget ■  ■      hiit  dif^'^^ 

*'  fi  I'll  i'idiedis  tk(  tc<fk yts— I  'u.nll forget— that  Major  Rogers  cr^%:,. 

"  illy  andinhumcmk  ir'urdired,  in  thtir  canned,  my  'wiftytny  chudren,  niy-J.   :'"' 

*'_^uiler,  ;nj  mrAh-.r^and  all  m^  km^rcd. Ttu  roujed  me  to  deed^'aj'J  tt^ 

"■  viMrcanif  .'  J  -zvas  cruelin  difpight  of  mjfelf— — ./  •■will  die  contem-ij/S'  '^^^ 
"  my  country  i»,once  more  at  pi  act  ;  but  tJohcvLonan  Jhallbt  no  mOTit'ivSo}  :-^J'^ 
'*  _aluj,  ''ixMiirci)  ati^r  IQ  the  numory  of  L,Qitutt  I  ■      '     .      '        "^-^ 


the 


irs  cnu^'yi,'. 


^^,' 


■■■^ 


■J, 

.'•V   .   _ 


TifROVoH      AMERICA.' 


Lake  ChampUine  wai,  on  tfte  fide  next  the  bridge,  defended  by  a 
boom,  compofcd  of  beams  lafticd  together,  and  wound  round  with 
chain*'  By  ihu  means  a  communication  was  not  only  kept  up  be<* 
^ween  the  two  potts,  but  no  podtbility  oi  accefs,  oiFcrt^d  on  tne  nor- 
thern fide. 

,  AlthoughTIconderogaii  of  itfelf  lofty,  it  ii  nevcrthelefs  com- 
mahded,  in  eminence,  by  another  mogntain  jcalled  Sugar  Hill,  from 
its  lieing  in  the  form  of  a  fugar  loaf.  The  Amencan9i)ad  cntcrtain-> 
^d  thoughts  uf  fortifying  it,  but  cQOcludfd  that  the  works  were  ai« 
jready  too  extenfive  for  their  means  of  defence,  and  expected  that  its 
diHiculty  of  accefs,  and  the  rocky  .quality  of  its  furface  would  hin« 
^er  the  eneiny  fronv  taking  advantage  of  its  fituation. 

The  royal  army  acivanced  with  great  caution  along  the  fides  of  the 
lake,  having  in  the  centre  their  fleet,  which,  on  its  cuming  up,  an* 
chored  within  cannon  Ihot  of  the  enemy<  On  the  approach  of  the 
riglu  wing,  the  Americans,  to  the  gre;it  lurprize  of  the  royalifts,  a^* 
bandoned  their  works  on  the  fide  next  Lake  George,  and  fet  fire  to 
tlieaa  :  Major  General  Phillips  then  took  pofilffion  oTa  .  advantageous 
poft  on  M'-.wxM  Hope,  which,  befides  that  it  commanded  their  lines, 
cut  off  their  comm'unication  with  the  lake.  Ii.  is  (aid  the  Americans 
Shewed  but  little  courage  in  defending  the  other  potts  on  this  fide  as 
litrell  as  on  the  other. 

The  Bi  itifh  army  advanced  with  an  equa  1  celerity  on  the  other  fide 
of  the  lake,  and  in  a  (liort  time  invetted  all  their  wuiks.  The  ad- 
vantages the  Sugar  Hill  prefented,  foon  determined  the  Englilh  to 
build  redoubts  there,  apd  the  paths  they  were  obliged  to  climb,  upon 
a  rugged  and.almpU  perpendicular  furface,  did  not  hinder  the  alert 
iVlajof  General  Phillipsfrom  eie;£^ing  t^ie  woiksin  a  very  ih&rt  fpace 
q(  time.    . ,       .  . 

'  The  American  Generals  now  thought  proper  to  hold  a  council  of 
war,  in  which  was  rcpiefented,  ••  that  they  had  not  above  half  the 
lieceffary  number  of  working  hancisj  that  iheneccllity  for  labour  in- 
creai'ed  as  the  hands  duninilhed,  and  that  the  place  would  be  inevit- 
s^bl/  and  completely  invefted  in  lefs  than  twenty-four  hours."  It 
was  then  unanimouHy  refolved  to  evacuate  the  putt,  which  was  im- 
roediately  "put  in  execution.  .... 

*  It  has  been  fi nee  allced,  with  a  degree  of  reproach,  "why,  if  the^ 
forces  were  not  fufiicient  to  defend  it,  did  they  not  withdraw  the 
tf oops  J  remove  the  artilleryand  floras  and  deraolifh  the  iortificatlons 
before  the  ariiyal  of  the  enemy  ?  Why  did  they  wait  to  be  lurronnd- 
ed,  at  an  inftant  when  a  retreat  was  apparently  more  prejudicial  than 
'afurrender  upon  fuch  terms  us  might  havte  been  granted,  and  *hich 
would  have  been  infinitely  preferable  to  therii-^ue  they  ran  of  having 
their  fortifications  carried  by  aii'ault  ?" 

Immediately,  upon  the  determination  of  the  council    to   cvacnate' 
.the  plsce,  the  American  army  embarked  their  baggage, their  at  tillery-, 
and  their  provilion*  in  a    decked  veflel,  and  more  than  two  hundied' 
batteaus,   efcorl 


H 


g' 


>g 


Skenefborough,  while  the  ganifon  inarched  towards  Caltlctown. 

The  next  morning  the  royalifis   having  difcovered   tiie  precipitate 

•     '       flight  ofth**  Americans,  took  pciiVCion  of  the  bridge  and  torUHcati- 

dns,'and  thisenormoili  majs,  whiclrhad  coll  more  than  ♦venty  months 

,S''  ''      labour,  was  now  cut  up  in  ^-t-.k  time  than  it  wt<u!d  tr.ke  to  relate  it. 

By  iive  i«  the  morning,  iht  sjj^ates  libjalCccyg,'  and  hfu:vibij*  had  a 


'*?■ 


free 


A. 

it; 


m 


m 


M- 


1 


%l}is  Ihip  ivaj  built  in  -ivitttj  eighi .icn's^a^'M  r.ounted  iZ-ti^dve pauJers, 


62 


NEW        TRAVELS 


free  p.-\fla|e  throujih,  and  Biirgoyne  loft  no  time  in  purfuing  the  enemv 
by  v/Mcr,  whillttlje  troops  marched  after  thtm  t>y  land.  He  overlook 
them,  at  lengtli,  near  Hktnejbo.'mgh  falls,  where  he  feized  two  ot  the 
^alhts,  And  blew  up  three  others.  The  Americans,  being  now  in  a 
ilelp«tate  fttnation.fet  fire  to  their  batteaus.mllliand  fortiricatloni,  and 
jjHvcd  themlelves  in  the  woods.unprovided,  and  deftiiuteof  every  thing. 

Contufion  and  difmay  predominnted  in  likv.*  manner  among  the 
forces  an  the  !eft  ;  the  foldicis  no  longer  obeyed  the  comiiunds  of 
their  officers,  and  in  this  fituation  Brigadier  General  F.-azcr  came  up 
t»trh  their  rear  guard,  with  a  body  of  troops  fsr  inferior,  and  attacked 
them,  expcttinj;  every  momsnt  to  be  joined  byGeperalReidcifel  The 
Americans,  at  lirft  defended  themfclves  hravely,  but  at  the  coming  up 
©f  the  lalt  mentioned  commander,  they  fled  precipitately,  after  lofmg 
a  confiderable  number  of  their  men,  together  with  Colonel  Prantis, 
tlieir  leader,  p.nd  one  of  thtir  bravelt  officers.  General  Saint- Clair, 
ii»ho  commanded  the  van  guard,  when  inloimed  of  thefe  difaftrous 
ciicumitances,  took  immediately  to  the  woods,  in  doubt  whether  to 
march  to  the  vipper  pait«  of  Conncd^icut  or  towards  Fort  Edward. 
Colonel  Hill  wis  detached  from  Skenclborovigh,  witl.  the  ninth  rcgi- 
»ent  towards  Fort  Anne,  and  on  his  way,  fell  in  with  a  body  ofr 
American  troops,  fix  times  as  numerous  as  his  own,  which  he  defeated 
aftf r  rhice  hours  engaging.  The  Americans  then  burnt  Fort  Anne^ 
and   ''.ed  to   Fort  Edward  upon  Hudfon't  river. 

Gtiicral  SaintClair  arrived -at  Fort  Edward(where  General  Schuy- 
ler commanded)with  the  remains  of  his  army,  after  a  marchpf  kvtTV 
li.n-s,  in  a  mod  deplorable  condition,  having  fuffered  every  diftjefs 
fhat  uTiigiivation  can  conceive, from  the  bad  quality  of  the  waterjand 
want  of  clor»th«  and  provifions  :  He  was  here  joined  by  the  other  fu- 
girivw,  equally  weak,  fatigued  and  difcouragcd. 

Bargoyne,  without  lofingtime,  fet  cut  from  Skencfborou7h,on  hit 
m.-^rcli  to  Fort  Edward,  hut  encovmtered  great  difficulties  and  embar- 
rannenrs,    although  the  diltance  is  not  very  confiderable  ;  for  the 

uniiy  is  naturally  fo  wild,  (o  defert,    fb  incumbered  with  marfhes. 


c  •.  > 


ruerfciVed  with  creeks,  and  the  enemy  had  fo  increafed  thefe  natural 
Ok>ftacles  by  huge  lines  of  abbatis,  that  it  is  not  eafy  to  conceive  how 
much  he  had  to  fufFer  in  furmounting  thefe  dilhculties.  fie  had  to 
conltruft  near  forty  bridges  or  caufeways,  and  one  of  them,  made  of 
trunks  of  trees,  was  more  than  a  mile  in  length.  Jt  is  true,  he  might 
have  avoiiied  all  this  trouble  in  taking  his  rout  round  by  Ticonderoga, 
but  he  feared  a  retrograde  movement  of  his  army  might  give  the 
Americans  time  to  recover  their  courage,  and  flaken  the  ardour  of 
his  own  troops. 

•  It  Is  worth  while  to  obferve,  that  in  all  this  diflr^fs,  misfortune  and 
univerfal  confternation,  not  a  Ungle  diflrift  in  America  feeniedinthe 
!£.iU  dif'pofed  to  come  in,  or  make  its  fubmifTion.  The  danger  did 
not  difcourage  even  thofe  States  which  were  niuif  expofcd  to  the  de- 
predations of  the  enemy  ^  under  the  dire^iion  of  the  Coiigrefs  they 
a;li  united  with  thCj-^reatcll  vigour  to  repuife  them  ;  and  General  Ar- 
nold was  difpatched  to  t!:s  Northern  army  with  a  train  of  artillery, 
tUrnifned  t!im  by  General  V/afhington  on  piupofe  for  this  expedition. 
At  his  anival,  he  ordered  the  troops  from  Saratoga  to  a  place  called 
Stdlvjatevt  in  orUer  to  be  in  a  b:tter  fituatiou  to  check  the  progrofs  o|^ 

.  .  Coionei' 


THROUGH     AMEUiCA; 


of 

ight 

the 
of 


^3 


tolonel  Saint  Leger,  who  was  advancing  toward  Mie  Mohawk  river. 
HJ>  troop*,  however  (St.  Legcr's)  fuftcred  gicat  loflcj  from  the  Jn- 
'dians  :  the  ttforts  of  Hurgoyne  not  being  lufficient  to  relhain  ilteir 
cruelty,  friends  as  well  as  eneinieti  fell  alike  viitinij  to  tli-^ir  tliitll  c( 
h\ojd.  The  murder  of  Mif«  ivrCRf  a,  iu  paiticular,  llruck  tinor 
Ir.to  every  heart :  She  was  then  iu  the  bloom  and  innocerce  ft  Ucautv 
and  youth,  her  father  was  nttaclied  to  ths  royal  par»y,  and  upon  ibV 
very  day  that  flie  fell  a  facrifice  to  th«;  wanton  barbar iiy^f  the  lavages, 
ihe  was  to  have  been  married  to  an  Enp,liOi  officer. 

Scenes  fu  (hacking  as  thefc,ir;  stated  the  people  almcft  todiftra451ions 
and  kindled  a  fpirit  of  haticd,  even  i.i  the  dinif^ctiUd,  a<jainft  a  go- 
Yernment  capable  of  accepting  a/Z/Vt,  rnore  diCpofed  to  extirpate  than 
fubdue  the  people,  whom  they  claimed  as  rubjei5\s. 

The  Americans  now  began  tothit.k  it  (heir  duty  to  defend  notonlj 
the  rights  of  their  countrv,  but  alio  thofe  that  nature  lieilpjf  had  gi- 
Ven  them.  Each  citiaen  became  a  foldier,  and  when  their  jeguur 
forces  (cemed  almolt  annihilated,  defpair  poured  forth  multitu.lij,' 
flill  more  formidable,  from  the  woods,  the  niuuntaini,  and  the  boi- 
ders  of  the  mailhes. 

It  was  now  that  Burgoyne's  army  began  to  experience  real  dift- 
culties,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Fort  I'klward  ;  -  'in  proportion  as 
they  advanced,  oblta^les  multiplied  on  every  fide  ;  for  filteen  dayti,, 
they  were  employed  in  bringing  down  battcaus  and  proviiions  frojwi 
■.  Fort  George  to  Hudfon's  river,  a  di (la nee  of  more  than  eightctJi 
miles  I  this  exceflive  labour  was  quire  unequal  to  tiie  walle  of  tirn« 
and  provffions  •,  they  did  not  receive  one  third  ct  tlie  horfies  they  c*- 
pcfted  from  Canada,  on  account  of  the  length  of  tlie  way,  and  »h« 
great  number  of  water  pafiages  ;  ?nd  for  the  fame  rtafon  they  could 
rot  collet  more  than  fifty  pair  of  oxen  ;  heavy  rains  added  liill  more 
to  their  difficulties,  and  in  the  end,  thty  found  it  impufliblt  icettab- 
lilh  magazines  to  continue  their  operations. 

Intelligence  was  atlaft  received,  that  Colonel  Snint  Leger  had  ar- 
,  rived  before,  and  was  dircfting  his  views  againlt,  Fort  hianviix  :  Bur- 
goync  npon  this,  concluded,  with  ioma  realon,  that  if  he  could  pro- 
lecute  his  nurch  rapidly  forward,  and  advance  down  the  Moha.ik;- 
river,  fuppofing  at  the  fame  time  Colonel  Saiat  J.egtr  to  futcctd  ia 
his  attack  on  the  fort,  he  (liould  drav  the  enerny  between  two  fstes,- 
oi'  a«-  leaft  have  it  in  his  power  to  force  tliemlo  change  iheii  iituatiiM 
and  retreat  to  a  greater  diltance,  v»  hich  would  coniequently  open 
the  Mohawk  country  to  him,  and  ailotd  him  the  mi.-an&  of  execuiing 
;  h'li  intended  junftion. 

However  juft  this  plan  might  be,  it  could  not  be  can  led  into  e.xc- 
curion  for  want  of  provifions,  to  conned  fo  long  a  chain  of  poib  vvirh 
Fort  George  j  and  becauft;  the  enemy  had  a  body  of  troops  at  U  hiti- 
Creek,  fufficienr  to  break  it. 

He  abandoned  this  projeft  then,   and  fell  upon  a  fchtme  cf  fur- 

priiing  Bennington,  where  the  Americans  had  great  (lures  ot   co:  rt 

~  and  cattle.     Bennington  lies  between  two  branches  of  the  !  Jver  flio- 

^k,  about  twenty  miles  caft  of    the  Hudfon,  a  place  of  little  imuor* 

tance,  and  incapable  by  its  lituation,  of  ever  becoming  corifi.! treble, 

.linlefs  fome  remarkable  changes  (hould  take  place.    This  cxpediiion 

'Butgoyne  entruited  to  Colonel  Baum,  a  German,  and  gave  him  f:v« 

Jsilliiar^d  atcp/and  two  pieces  of  anilUcy  i^i  ti)«  tiurpofe ;  and  t<i 

'■-'%:..  -   be ' 


I 


n 


/ 

»* 


•ia 


.T 


«4 


N  EW      TRAVELS 


^e  the  better  enabled  to  make  the  heft  of  fuch  advantagei  as  fhpuld 
be  gained,  he  fixed  his  main  camp  b«Kore  Saratoga,  and  made  \ 
biiilge  of  boat*  over  the  river,  upon  whirh  the  advanced  corpi  might 
pi  fa.  During  thelie  traniaitions,  the  corps  of  Colonel  Br.  yman,con-> 
lldin^  oF  light  infantry,  wai  ported  at  Unttenkill,  with  a  de(lgn,iif  ne- 
ceir.uy,  to  Inpport  Colonel  Baum.  The  latter,  in  his  march,  fell  ill 
with  a  fmrdl  provifion  convoy  of  the  enemy,  which  he  took  s  But 
|he  want  of  w:<ggons  and  horfrs,  made  hit  march'  fo  long  and  fa- 
tiguing, that  til':  Americans  got  iiurltigence  of  hi*  deflgn,  and  had 
tiiiie  to  prepare  to  receive  him.  The  Colonel  upon  hit  approach  tb 
t'be  place,  fjuding  that  his  force  was  not TutBcieitt  to  make  an  attack, 
vi\\\\  a  prulpedt  of  iuccel's, polled  litmfelf  in  as  favourable  a  fituation  at 
poiniile,  ami  fent  oJf  an  exprels  to  tiie  General.  Breyman  then  had 
orders  to  reinforce  Colonel  Baum,  nithout  lots  of  time  :  He  obeyed, 
but  his  ni:»rch  was  long  aiid  difficult,  meeting  with  nothing  but  bad 
witcr  and  bad  roads  ;  the  want  ot  hotles  ^nd  wheel  carriages,  addietl 
ftiil  more  to  his  embarrafments,  and  a  K>ng  continuance  of  heavy 
rains,  rendeied  iris.,conirition  almoft  as  wretched  as  can'  poffrbty  be 
conceived.  Kiit  the  American  Genera!,  Starke,  who  commanded  the 
Jlcnniti^ion  militia,  elleciiuallv  prevented  their  judtion.*  He  march« 
ed  on  tlie  i  ')ti)  of  Anguft  to  attack  Col'.  Baum,  and  th«' latter  was 
fo  tar  from  expecting  luch  a  vifit,  that  he  took  him  at  fiift  for  the 
re«nfor«menr  he  was  waiting  for:  Howtsver,'  he  made  a  very  brave 
defence,  hut  hi*  little  works  were  foon  forced  on  all  fides  i  thela- 
diaiis  and  the  Englirn  provincial  troops,  had  already  ran  away  into 
the  wofx^iijand  there  remained  orily  the  Germans,  who,   after  they 

the  enemy  fword  in  hana»< 
ifoners  of  war,  after  feeing 


fiad  txpiuU'd  all  their  powder,  charged  I 
but  were  linally  forced  to  furrender  pri( 
their  Coh  nel  fall. 


A  Utile  after  this  a£>ion arrives  Colonel  Bileyirtari,  without  knowing 
any  thing  of  what  had  parted  s  Inftead  pf  friends,  he  faw  himfclf  fud- 
denly  funomide'l  by  American  forces  \  but  the  fatigued  and  exhauft- 
<  1  ftate  of  his  troops  did  not  prevent  him  from  making  a  foldierly  de- 
fCTce.  He  even  drove  the  enemy  from  two  or  three  heights  :  but 
«v*ij*tt.o.vevcr,  nt  hit  overjiowcred  by  numbers  j  and  after  firing  awajr 
•  ailtW  amnuii/ition,  made  a  retreat  with  great  dtlficuhy,  leaving  two 
pieces  of  artilleiy  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  Their  loll  in  thektwo 
ailtions,  amounted  in  killed,  wounded  and  miirmg  to  five  or  fix 
hundred  men  j  and  in  this  (troke.  Fortune  now,  for  the  firit  time, 
fiiice  the  death  of  General  Montgomery,  illowed  'herfclf  favourable' 
to  the  Americans  in  their  expeditions  to  the  north  :  The  militia  at 
length  found  thev  could  conquer  regular  forces  :  an  opinion  of  more' 
i;:.)inrq\it;nce  at  this  time  than  the  gaining  of  a  great  battleupon  other 
occalians.  .    '  " '  ."  '     •  * 

While  Snint  Leger  was  employed,  vcith  various  fuccefs  in  befieg- 
ing  Fort  Stan^ix,  vieneral  Harkimer  came  at  the  head  tof  nine  hun- 
ditd  of  the  militia  of  the  country  to  relieve  and  viftual  the  fort  ;-• 
Upoa  this  Saint  Leger,  fearing  an  attack  in  his  enirenohmcnts,  fix- 
ed an  ambvucatle,  compofed  of  regulars  and  Indiani  tu  intercspt 
thcrn.  The  miliiiaj  a  thing  almoft  incredible  in  a  country  wher.e 
this  kind  of  warfare  is  ufual,  feU  blindly  into  it,  loft  a  coafider^ble 
r.inibcr,  and  could  not  be  rallied  but  with  the  greateft  difficulty. 
The  Govcn)or  of  the  fort,  C;olooel  Ganfevoort,  informed,  in  the 
m;;;a  time,  of  u'liat  had  happened,  baiteiwd  to{Q»k«a  diverfluQ  i^ 

faytt^^f 


.A:-- 


(hpuld 
nade  \ 
I  might 
an,con« 
i,^f  ne- 
,  fell  ill 
k  s  But 
and  fa- 
ind  had 
oach  tb 
attack, 
lation  M 
len  had 
obeyed* 
but  bad 
I,  addiend 
f  heavy 
rrbly  be 
ideu  the 
march- 
ter  was 
fur  the 
Y  brave 
thft la- 
ray  into 
cr  they 
hand»< 
feeing 

r  .     T 

nowiojj 

Iffud. 

xhauft-^^ 

srly  de-* 

but 

away 

g  t*o 

ietwo 

or  fix 

lime, 

urable' 

iti^  at 

more 

other 

pefi<^g- 

hun- 

|rt  ;  — 

fix- 

spt 

rher.e 

jr^ble 

|ulty. 

the 

»«)«;> 


iTC* 


^ 


TKROwoH     AMERICA; 


^S 


r*foHr  of  his  frlentli,  penetrated  ^^^o  thf  TrijliOi  criTrp,  p!nn«l<rr«  1  It, 
tifiicd  (SjF  ^  great  (juaotity  of  lucb  atiiclca  As  he  wai  la  »*auL  of,  and 
nuJei'ome  pnfoneu.* 

iolonti  Saint  Legcr,  after  hl«  fucc'i,  ncj^Icd^ed  riot'iing  to  enjiTit 
the  Uelieged  to  (urrender.  The  (.ioviMnor,  'ijwcv^r.  loutiuncd  deaf 
to  hit  m<rndcei,  at  wcit  at  to  hit  pronulvS  aiul  intieaties. 

In  the  'Virmifh  with  the  militia,  the  fiuii^ns  diil  not  get  the  booty 
fhfy  exp;<*tecl  ;  th»y  befidet  loft  levcral  of  thtir  warrior*,  telebrJ't'A 
»rnong  them  for  their  braTcry,  and  now  learnt  with  extreme  vexation 
tl.it  Gcfieral  Arnold  wai  coming  to  the  relief  of  rlie  place  with  a, 
thaufand  men,  and  that  liurguyne  had  met  with  fefctal  checks,  it* 
not  totally  ruined.  Their  diiconteiit  and  ill  humour  W3i  then  car* 
ried  te  excelt  t  notwithftanding  all  that  c«ujlil  be  laid  or  done  ta 
calm,  and  reiain  thele  d-'daidi  witli  the  aimy,  tht*y  Irft  the  catnp* 
•frer  having  rotjhwl  the  otficert,  pillnj^cd  the  Itrift.  cut  the  throat* 
of  feveral  of  the  fulrlierj  uid  itohn  the*-  arm«  and  pro*  ■Ions,  whirh 
in  the  end  forced  Colonel  Saint  Leger  ;o  raili  ilic  f;*ge  in  bultc,  nud 
even  leave  behind  a  part  of  his  bigjage.  Thii  laft  pttcs  of  newt  com- 
pleted the  joy  and  confidence  of  tho  Amerscaris,  .»hile  Gaaffvoort 
and  Willet>  %»'ho  hud  defended  the  plaf,-,  were  'anked,  »  weii  ai 
General  ^itarke  and  Colouel  Warner.,  in  the  nuiiioer  of  tl.  S«kViours 
•f  thsir  country. 

Burgoync,  fupplyir.fcf  liimfclf  ronftantly  wifh  proviHo  s  fiora  F^-t 
George,  but  with  great  Hitficuhy,  pafled  Hnii  .>  river  nbrnt  : 
middle  of  September,  the  eneir»y  being  at  that  t  me  n  the  vicinity  c? 
Stillwater.  Tiie  Miniflry  and  Parliament  have  examir?d  whetijcr 
thit  march  rrai  either  neceflary  or  feifonabV,  but  it  hai  poI-  tp;>ei4rp-i 
that  any  fufficient  arguments  have  been  brought  againit  h  :  "it  n 
evident,  that  Burgoyne  *af  deternriined  in  hi*  m-«fufei  net  ciily  by 
iinroediAie  tir'jurnftancei,  but  alio  by  the  iniUuitiora  of  hii  ccurr. 
He  ai'iCA'ii,  Jt  advanced  through  bye-road*  and  io.t*  l.ttle  frequcivred, 
along  the  river,  on  the  Tame  (ids  with  the  enemy,  and  often  ff^patafcd 
from  tlicm  only  hy  thin  woodi.  He  marched  in  perfou  at  tb2  luMtl 
cf  the  Eoglilh  line,  which  formed  the  right  v^iof.  This  wing  na* 
covered  by  General  Frar.er  and  Coloitel  Breyman,  with  the  "grc-».x«IJc^A 
and  li^ht  infantiy,  Indi^in  efcoiti,  PicviiM  ".I'.s  and  CanaJian*,:  thfti' 
left  wjp.g  and  the  artillery,  commanded  by  Mbj  ir»  Philipt  and  HsUIit- 
fcl,  followed  the  Ihores  of  the  rive.  .  -      .  >", » 

The  Americans  now  prefcnted  t*.:  .iel»ei  in  force  to  aHrtclc  the 
fai'k  of  the  Englifli  liiic.  1  iie  latter  v^cre  nut  a  iiul>:  furpriiec^,  v^bc-i 
th.»y  faw  with  what  boiJntlt  the  entroy  btgan  the  ultack.,  a«;J  v.irh 
wIiAt  vigour  and  obftipacy  they  ..pportcd  it  fiom  tlnfc  in  the  aiier* 
>  noon  till  tun-fet.  General  'Xmolil  kd  oa  hii  troo^t,  and  c-outtcil 
rUnger  with  an  ardor  and  ifmrpi-iify>  which  iltlirfin^h  natuial  tu  'lis 
cfaarafter,  could  never  liave  been  liio'.vn  to  hcctcr  advav-ta-v*  :  tUa 
American*  howevr  were  coiiftantly  rehiforc<:d  with  fVeth.  trnop», 
whilft,  on  the  fide  of  the  iMigi.lh,  the  weigln  and  burden  of  th;:  jilion 
?yat  alraoft  continually  fullaincd  by  the  iim;  pcrf'-'ni. 

Major-General  Fhi)ip»>  npoo  hearing  uhe  SrlL  fire,  marched  ^vith  a 
part  of  the  artillery  :wjrof»  a  pifce  cf  v^oods,  very  difticolt  of  acctf^, 
.and  hit"  arriv  *i,  in  a  CMti<  nl  minnti»,  for  that  time  favcd  the  army,  whic|,>» 
'-^j, remained  mailers  of  the  held.     Tail  vidmy  was  honour.^bly'ictined-,^,- 
"*batg*vc  iliem%  know,  that  the  Americans  were  capable  of  <J«feud«  * 

'.  ,       I  ing.,  . 

t  I^'tfC)  Uit/allj  1VM  madt  m»^rtlc  immediaUdrrcSikn  of  di.  JVUttt, 


li 


yi" 


IKv, 

1 


'■■    'I 


ItJ! 


M 


€o 


NEW      TRAVELS 


jnj  thfrnfclves,  not  only  irt  entrenchments,  and  behind  walls  arri 
hedges,  but  in  thaopen  iu)-^,  iiiicovfred,  and  for  a  confiderable  fpacs 
c'i  timt.  The  Snglilh  rcjr.a^'ned  under  arins  the  .whole  night,  and  at 
day  bjeal:  advanced  wi'biri  nnnon  (hot  of  i he  enemy,  forrifying  their 
Tviiigs  and  extend'uii;  thrir  lt.fi.  towr.tdi  the  river  j  hut  they  found,the 
Atiicricans  too  much  upon  tlieir  gunid  to  b^  meddled  v^'ith. 

Tlsc  fatigues  the  aiifly  had  undcrp,onf ,  and  the  dil'couragiRg profpeCt 
they  h:id  before  thsm,  cenioLindcd  at  cnce  all  the  hopts  and  cx^^t&n- 
sions  rith  which  the  Indians,  in  parliculru,  had  flattered  thcmfelves; 
3t  was  nowimpofTible  to  ptt  any  turther  fcrvice*  fiom  them  ;  they  he- 
came  Allien  and  intrsftable,  and  npon  the  General  (;iuJing  fo me  fault 
with  their  GondvJcV,  ihry  :;bandoned  the  army  and  went  uff  in  a  pet, 
at  a  time  when  it  Itood  m oft  in  need  of  theii  afiiitancc.  7hii  Indian 
deferticn  bronght  on  others  among  the  Engiifh,  as  well  as  the  Pio- 
vincird  .ind  (.'aiiadlr'.n  trcops. 

Bufgoyne  had  iVill  however,  fomehnr?*  of  being  fucccored  by  an 
itrniy  Irom  New- York  ;  with  much  difiituhy  le  received  a  letter  from 
Sir  Ilcrry  Clintun  in  cynhers,  informing  him  that  he  waa  about  to 
riiake  a  diverfion  in  his  favour  upon  the  North  river,  by  aitacki«g 
5'orr  Monrrfomery  and  feveral  other  rf  the  v1eighboiirirj>;  foitrcfles  t 
Burj^oync  by  viay  of  anf^er,  prefTed  him  for  afl'ltancc,  gave  an  ac- 
count fff  his  fiiuacion,  and  informed  him  that  his  provifions  could  not 
hold  oui  longer  than  the  twelfth  of  the  enfuing  month. 

The  nrtny  under  the  command  of  General  Gates,  increafing  from 
day  to  day,  obli<jed  Burgoyne  to  fortify  with  the  greateft  attention, 
nnd  to  add  orfider^bly  ta the  noinbew of  guards,  which  neccfl'arily 
iiicrea  "ed  th?r  fatigue  and  weakened  the  ftoops  :  the  late  fucccfles  of 
C;ic  mditia  had  iikev.ir;  made  tbera  more  ent*rprjfing  than  before,  and 
th<^(e  of  Ne-V-Hampfiiife  and  the  upper  parts  vjf  Connecticut,  com- 
jjundf-d  i)y  Geweral  Lincoln,  recovcre<ll  rici«nderoga  and  Mciint  In- 
-i^ependence,  made  tijcmfches  matters  of  lake  Of orge,  and  thus  cut  off^ 
Bui  goyne  from  ail  comimTnication  with  Canada.,  ;■ 

In  ttie  b.'giiir.ing  of  OJtcbcr,  this  linfortunat-  General  was  obliged 
to  diiniMiuH  his  rations,  and  then  dctermhifd,  whatever  might  be  the 
ioudq  .'jnce,  io  force  himlcif  3  paffage  tl»rou£!i  the  Countiy.  For 
this  pinp<i!e  ht  pici<ed  oot  the  choicelt  ot  his  tinops,  and  the  braveft 
and  heft  experienced  of  his  ofiiccu  :  but  the  Americans  perceiving  hia 
tlcf:;;n,  came  down  by  tlu,  ifands  to  attsCk  him.  It  was  then  that  the 
Engli(h  began  to  (ink  urder  the  numbers  of  their  enemies  j  they  were' 
fi  jced  f)  rciiie  within  their  lines,  into  which  General  Arnold  pur- 
fufd  tliem  with  bis  uru,.!  impetuofltyj  and  would  infallibly  have  forc- 
ed thtm,  1-..1'!  be  not  r>.ceivcd  a  wound. 

C'olc,:cl  'ir€}!r,;!n,  wI,o  commanded  a  German  corps  de  rcferve.was 
jtili  more  unto;  tuna»e  }  his  camp  was  attacked  and  carried,  hh  hag- 
gage  j-i  I  liiged,  bis  crumon  tr.licn,  and  he  himfeH  p-riihcd  in  the  afiVion. 
Thii  day  tlir  KngiiO'.  lof?  a  pirt  of  the;ir  bravelt  men,  and  rothing 
cotddexcsrd  their  misery  4!H^  diftreib  ;  'hey  labouied  the  whole  n'lght 
To  chanjri  cheir  roiltion,  hopi;i_!;To  ■)!i!!,5e  fi>e  enemy  to  change  their* 
alio.  Thiv  buHncr*  was  acrouvplifhed  « iih  intredible  f  %ce  ar.d  a;.. 
tivity,  and  in  i<ie  mornijig  they  otfcred  battle  to  the  American.,  who 
declined  it  ;  confiderbir,,' -.virh  good  rear»r,  thar  it  would  be  better 
S<)  f '.tir^ne  t-iid  b.-.n-afs  a  hi 
^w.miclv  M  to  thi  ci*ariC«  of 


Ave  and  defrerate  enehJy,  thad  to  '*^j^iis 


VHitovcH     AMERICA. 


<57 


alls  and 
ale  fpacs 
:,  and  at 
ing  their 
>uiid,the 

profpcft 

mfclves; 
they  be- 
ime  fault 
in  a  per, 
II  Indian 
the  Pi o- 

?d  by  an 
tterfrom 
about  to 
ittacking 
(itrcffcs ! 
e  an  ac« 
ould  not 

ing  frons 
ittcntion, 
ecefl'arily 
cccflTeB  of 
fore,  and 
jt,  Corn- 
ell r.t  In- 
Ufi  cut  oW 

s  oblig^iii 
bt  be  the 
ly.    For 

»e  braveft 
eiving  hit 
(1  that  the 
tfcey  were 
nold  pur- 
lavc  toic- 

fervc.was 

hi?  bag- 
he  ufVion. 
\  nothing 
lolc  rt'gbt 
igt  ihtir* 
c  ar.d  £;.• 
b?t  better 
to  '"^^U 


fhe  Englifli  General  was  now  informed,  that  the  cneray  baj  dlf- 

atchcd  foi  waid  aconfuleiablebodyjtu  lurround  him  enciicly.  1  i.i?,     " 

e  look  every  meal'ure  ia  his  power  to  p.  event,  ^ad  upon  the  n'lghx  ot 

the  9th  of  Oilober,  began  to  march,  leaving  his  lick  and  wo'ia-lfl  tq 

uroyidefor  themlielvei  j  but  the  care  (kncral  Gates  took  ct  tlit-.eh;:* 

been  fince  gratefully  acLnowledgeJ  by  the  Ei/glifn  therr.KlvKs. 

A  heavy  rain,  that  lafted  the  whole  right,  rendered  rh^ir  j>rogre{» 
very  flow  j  and  at  break  of  d:ty  he  pttctivtd  the  Aniciiciu*  polled 
and  fortified  on  the  heights  aroiind  him.  He  tlien  took  a  rpfoiution 
to  nraarch  towards  Fort  H^dward,but  iiis  i  oad  cutter.-,  being  rcpuiifu,  and 
the  oppofite  fliorecf  the  river  lined  witli  enemies,  he  i:oiiciudc(J  to  call  ^ 
councilof  war ;  upon  confidering  the  m;ili';r,  ihcy  iiw  ao  otljer  proba- 
ble way  of  reaching  this  Fort  than  by  a  night  inai^h,  and  Uiv  fbldicrs 
carrying  their  provilions  on  their  backs :  but  while  tiiey  v>  ere  pr«par- 
inc;  to  execute  this  forlorn  purpcfe,  thty.  learnt  that  the  eneiay  had 
taken  fufficient  precautions  to  v)revent  the  execution  of  Uieir  defign. 

Nothing  could  have  been  more  wretched-  noiliinj^  tncre  dsplcn- 
blethsn  the  condition  of  t hit  army.  Worn  down  by  .a  loiif^  teilis  of  ; 
fevere  duty,  marches  and  actions  ;  forfaken  by  tlie  Indians  in  the  netd-:< 
fa\  moment,  weakened  by  <^erertion,  de je(5ted  and  dilcouraged  by  the  . 
timidity  of  the  Canadians  and  provincird  troops,  llitir  r'.g'iinr  corps 
jreddced  by  repeated  loires,  to  the  number  of  only  three  ihouiand  Ave 
hundred,  their  braveft  officers  l^ilied,  the  reil  forcei!  to  be  lontinu.Jly 
under  arms,  harrnlied  day  and  night,  by  an  eneiiiv  that  iiriRwd  to 
grow  out  of  the  ground  on  every  Udej  having  loU  all  hope  t.f  r?ilcf, 
and  but  three  days  provifiops  left,  their  lalt  refoujce  w;;s  to  make  the 
belt  terms  they  could  with  theenemy.  The  General,  v. illing  however, 
jji  an  altair  that  regarded  the  future  well  being  ot  evv'ry  iuciivid'.ial 
in  the  army,  to  have  th^r  unanimous  voice,  sa  im  as  poliible,  ca'kd 
9.  council  of  war,  inviriug  not  only  the  generals  and  ffaft'-cfncfa't,  biit 
all  the  commanding  captains :  tnefe  imivt-rbily  gave  it  ss  vheir*pi- 
nion,  tbal  the  army  cculi  mi  do  oth^r^iife  than  treat  ^ujitk  G.tneral  Gates  j 
lypfd  the  Englilh  hivefmce  done  the  latter  tl)e  juflicetu  dt'cl.-.rt,  rhat, 
(SBniidering  the  ground  on  which  lie  ftood,  he  Ihowed'not  the  lealt 
inark  of  infolcnce  or  arrogance. 

The  fubftanceof  the  principal  articles  was,  tl'.at  the  ^rn?y  (lioujcl 
march  out  of  their  camp  with  the  hopours  of  war,  aitd  tlieir  anilltry, 
to  an  appointed  place,  where  they  (hould  pile  ih>rir  arms  :  tiiat  a 
paflags  fliould  be  granted  thcui  from  Bollon  to  Europe,  upon  con- 
dition of  their  not  ferviog  in  Aineiica  diuing  the  prefent  v\-ir.-.- 
They  reckoned  their  lofs  from  \\\t  Tixth  cf  Juiy,  to  the  capitulation, 
anclufivc,  to  amount  to  near  fen  thousand  mer). 

The  greac  fault  of  Burgoyne, 'liid  what  prepared  the  way  to  all  his 
misfortunes,  was  his  march  to  Fort  Edjifarti  ;  if  he  had  rctwristi  to 
Ticonderoga,  iind  proceeded  to  Fort  Geor^^e,  h*  would  douJ)tlc(s  havo 
avoided  thefe  dil'allers,  b.it,  as  has  \v:<c\\  ooitrved,  he  fciied  that  a  re  > 
trograde  movement  would  d'^cken  the  ardour  n*  hjs  troops,  and  ^ivn 
tlif  Anjericaiip  time  to  recvcr  froni  their  furp.ife.  A  (kueraf  w 
always  blamer.ble  when  he  ventures  far  into  usiexplored  countries  ;  bnt 
lfur^(>yre,who  b^d  (ecn  the  Americans  fly, o»!  all  h  Ifs.at  his' appro:-'  h, 
nocwithttandirg  their  lltperiority  in  number,  and  li/ofe  vad  toMidi.a- 
t»6i5s  which  both  nature  and  art  had  renHcicd  impregnable, ci-i.'.'  l;e 
,l>sli5ve  that  thefc  very  men  would  afterwards  dare  to  (hew  thcrui.  I  .■, 
Prrouud  hira  on  ey«;ry  llde,  *pd  f?gh5.  \\vcsx  iu  the  open  ijeid  ?       'i  It 


ii'.-ti 


#1 


u 


NEW      TRAVELS 


The  fnamscf  re-ifcrated  defeats,  the immedUte  cfclamities  they  f«ltj 
?nd  greater  ttill  to  be  cxpefled,  the  dread  of  Indian  cruelty  and  in- 
tihoriniinate  plunder  ;   ail  thrie  conn  derations  muft  hara  wrought 
wonderfully  en  tl.e  miiuJe  o\  the  Amevicant  to  have  produced  lo  lud- 
den  aiui  cniyeii'al  a  change  :  let  it  be  rcinembered,  however,  that 
ihe  very  eltmcntB  affiKed  in  the  rednilion  oiBurgoyne ;  the  heavy 
lains  threw  continual  obttaciet  in  hit  way,  particularly  in  the  affair 
cf  Bennington,  where,  by  delaying  the  inarch  of  Colone!  Breymans 
Geceral  Starks  had  an  opportunity  cf  attacking  and  defeatii^g  CoL 
ISaujK,  before  the  oiher'»arrivii\ ;  the  Induni.  likcwife,  forfbok  hina 
at  the  very  time  when  they  could  be  ot  nfe  to  biro  ;  hi»  «xpefted  rein- 
"toitement*  never  i»«ned  hint  ;  and  Clinton,  who  then  co'.nmandr.d 
at  New-York,  awd  mi^ht  with  the  gicuteft  cafe  have  failed  in  force, 
^ip  the  Norlh  River,  was  too  (low  in  makini;;  the  divcHion.     All  that; 
genius,  activity  and  courage  c<nild  Jug^gelt  was  put  into  praftite  by 
.'iiurgojne }  his  marcbes  were  jiidicicriw,  his  politio»»  advani.igeuuti, 
ami  hi*  itirmiuie*  obltinate  :    But  the  Americans,  re  animated  by 
liope,  and  emboldened  by  deip;iir,  became  every  day  more  nume- 
xoui,  aibtive  anu  watlike. 

As  vo  Xord  Cornwalhi,  he  had  to  contend  with  encraics  better 

dilcip-.ncd  and  longer  inured  to  war,  but  he  had  the  advantage  el 

iKiri^oyne  in  long  experience  in  America,  in  a  roorc  exafl  knowudga 

of  ti.c  country,  iii  being  better  fuppiied  with  proviiions  and  airmun 

uuion  and  not  having  lo  Aru^glc  '«ith  fuch  levere  weather  and  ina- 

pilluble  Hails  cf  wiloernc!*  :  He  bad  alfo  the  moft  pcrfedt  confidence 

cfbib  troops  and  was  l;ecome  lb  formidable  to  the  enemy,  that  G«- 

ncral  \Vaiirinf,ton  ;va»  thotght  to  be  the  only  man  that  could,  as  fuch, 

be  plated  in  cuijaptiition  with  him.  iBonrgoyne  bad  conftantly  to 

do  with  enemies  who  were  eithtr  tliongly  entrenched  or  infinitely 

n\CHfe  tiumerous  than  hii  own  troops.    Corn*allis,  on  the  contrary, 

at  the  bead  of  an  army  of  at  le-.<it  eight  iluiifand  choice  tr«opt,  and 

^iwav!,  lui'trior  to  hisdirperfed  tncmies,  yet,  Itrange  as  it  may  feem|_ 

did  ju-t  ibiiiU  proper  to  attack  the  Marq'pis  de  U  Fayette,  wbonevir 

had  inoic  st  any  sjrn;;  tliiu  two  thoufand,  nor  to  hinder  the  landing 

.yH  tluec  Jh6uland  nitn  uiidei  the  orders  of  M.   d«  Saint  Simon,  to 

^^■eviui  thcia  iumi  joining  the  Iviarquii.     If  he  had  marched  dowq 

\ipan  thf  ni  at  Tfieii  trril  landing  he  would  have  found  a  body  of  men 

totally  i;.'»orsnt  ci  tne  ct^jntiy  they  were  in,  their  arms  and  arnanu- 

SiU»ow  y.;i  on  buard  tb.e  ve.Telr,  and  not  a  fmgle  intrenchment  thiown 

\ip  :  lnpcilo\  to  lin  m  tli'i,  after  xl  rir  junction  with  the  Marquis,  and 

tineatciitd  wj;h  the  approach  <>i  the  armies  of  General  Watoington 

and  Count  R(.chsii)hc^au,  ought  he  no^  to  have  baldened,  by  forced 

nviiches,  to  attack  aiui  difperlc'  them,  that  be  inight  afterwards  have 

.;  irt  !u8  power  to  inak.e  beaTl  aj/kinft  the  others  ?• 

But  if,  alter  the  iiinii-.tticris  cl  Clinton,  and  hit  promifes  of  ipeedily 
reiicvlfifj  him,  he  nftvcrtbclef*  thought  it  impropfcr  to  hazard  any  at- 
tack, hcvr  ailv».nta^coui  *"uk.vir  it  tuight  promiie  to  be,  he  ought  at 

•  Ji  Tcv?.;  IJlivtiff  ^''firfi,  tfat  Cortnvallii  ♦  prmy  did  u«f  ctnfji  of  mort 
ikan  jcui-  or  Jivt!  thtujunJ  tfun  :  iviihcui  tfns  prijurij-tion  it  'woukl  hav4 
iun  highly  iwpi  udft.t  I'l  M,  Je  SaitJ  !-'itnoii  to  bu've  landed  his  troops^  l«- 
l!,re  the  arrival  of  General  Irajhinylon  and  Ccunt  liochafnbcau.  But  j^' 
tiOtvitih'landirA^  that,  ihar  Imui'mg  hud  hfen  attended  •with  ill  cotj't jueiiCi.;, 
kt  iviuid  certainly  ba.'ut  bier,  liable  tojs'vtrt  reprtkcnjlcn. 


THROUGH      AMERICA; 


69 


]l«ail  to  have  done  all  in  bis  power  fo  retard  and  prolong  tie  fiegc  j 
for  whatever  might  have  bc««  the  relief  promifed  by  Cliniun, contrary 
wi''ic»«  rr.ight  h.tve  delayed  it«  arrival,  and  a  few  dayi  giiincd  would 
have  been  of  the  greateft  importance  to  him.  He  likewi(e  knew  thit 
Connt  de  Grafii;  had  declared  that  he  could  not  remain  but  a  (here 
time  in  the  bay  ;.  fothat,  retarding  his  departure,  would  have  beeii 
deran^n*  his  plant,  and  confsquintly  hindering  him  fioni  ferv  15 
biB  country  eltcwhere  :  The  uaion  being,  alio,  pretty  well  advar.cti 
the  autumnal  rainf  muft  have  made  the  fiegc  very  fatiguing  to  our 
traops,  and  perhapi  have  occasioned  contagious  dihcmpers  among 
them,  in  a  country  whtre  the  ::iir  and  water  aie  lei&  wholeibme  than 
more  northward. f 

The  diftance  between  York  and  WilUamfbnrgh  is  twelve  miles,  and 
♦bl«  wUole  interval  is  covered  with  very  thick  woods  :  it  would  cer- 
tainly have  been  an  cafy  matter  then,  for  Cornwallis  to  have  made 
Ymt$  o(  ahbaiis  throughout  this  foreft,  and  have  ftopped  up  the  road« 
from  pott  to  poft  .;  three  thoufand  (laves  at  leaft^  which  l^e  had  taken 
from  the  planters,  would  have  rendered  this  mode  of  deteiice  ftill  more 

prarticable all  our  military  conaoifleurs  have  given  it  as  their  opi- 

nioo  that  a  few  detachments  and  fome  field  piece's,  might  have  re- 
tarded the  combined  arrry  at  lead  a  month  in  ifs  approaches  to  the 
works  at  York,  and  probably  would  have  deltroyed  us  a  great  num- 
ber of  men.  The  lands  adjoining  the  town  wcr^*  covered  with  Indian 
corn,  and  by  taking  it  away  or  burning  it.  be  would  have  obliged 
the  afTaiUntt  to  get  food  for  their  horfcj  ara  grenter  diftance,  and  by 
that  means  delayed  the  transportation  of  the  artillery,  wluch  wa« 
landed  feveral  miles  from  the  camp. 

Cornwallis  thus  (hut  np  in  York>  with  artillery  badly  enough  ferv- 
ed,  and  his  works  difadvantageoufly  conflru^ied,  had  it  not  in  his 
power  to  Tally  out  upon  us  without  rifquing  too  much,  while  the  be- 
frgsrs  had  time  to  prepare, to  receive  him,  and  even  to  cut  off  his  re- 
treat :  being  thus  incapacitated  from  a£Ving  od^enfively,  he  could  no 
way  extricate  himfclf  but  by  fome  defperate  attempt. 

if  he  had  known  how  to  profit  by  circunaftances,  rhe  relief  proraifed 
by  Clinton  might  have  faved  him,  or  at  leaft  madt  a  great  diverfion 
in  his  tavour.  The  Englit"h  fquadron,  confilVin^  of  twenty.(ieven  or 
.  twenty  eight  &ip«  pf  the  line,  with  four  thoufaiid  land  forces  on  board, 
appear<;d  o^fotc  the  capes  on  tbe  a6th  of  Oftober,  that  is  to  fay,  feven 
days  after  the  furrender.  Count  deGraffe's  fleet.being  thirty  fix  flit  pa 
of  the  line,  was  then  at  anchor  within  the  IJer/iSioi,  a  f*ind  bank,ov«r 
which  vcflTels  of  war  cannct  pafs,  except  through  a  narrow  channel  on 
the  eaft  hde  ;  the  wind  blowing  at  that  time  right  in,  <;:ompleatly  pre- 
vented tbe  fquadron  from  gf tfi«g  undrr  way,  and  cqivftc«ently'  could 
nut  have  hindered  Clioicn  from  eijcdling  a  landing  Vb'r  bi«  troops. 
I  cannot  (ay  whether  it  was  a  fear  of  bat)  weather  that  incllfttd  th*; 
Count  to  raAkt  choice  ot  thiipJace,  but  hit  over  great  prfeiiiaution  wa», 
I  am  lure,  an  obftacle  to  his  purfuit  of  the  Knglifti,  the  ftUvd  being 
favourable  enough,  had  the  fi«et  been  in.  any  otner  place. 
,  May 

t  TH'  is  ihf  miT'  frcbahtcy  at  tkt  Imts  bting  very  txUnfivt^  m  refpeS 
fo  the  mimber  of  ./itn,  tt:r  inij  njuas  mere  canfiant^  Somt  fiilditrs  nvere  ile- 
kien  nights  -.i.thont  lying  Jjzvn  m  iUir  itnii,  a  griattr  .'iumltr  frcsu  or 
r-^iiiMiJ  ike  rfjij\ur  ar^Ji'^jt,  ■' 


m 


•i  "1 
i 


'. 


19 


NEW        TRAVELS 


Si??- 


m 


ii 

if 


M-xy  we  nowr  siHc  which  of  the  twoEnglifti  General  hai  manifcKed 
(:'je  btjt  condud  ?  For  ray  part  1  am  of  opinion,  Burgoyne  iv*u1d 
h-tve  lut;ee«lcd  better  in  defending  York.and  thatCorDw»liis*  could 
not  hive  dune  iu«re  iu  the  vfiideriicri,  adjacent  to  Saratoga. 

I  am^,  &c. 

X.STPER  Xlir.  Ad'vanta^es  arifing  to  Amtricny  from  the  tapture  Oj. 
LirJCornwallit.'^'-^T'kejuturei'nperianceofthiT  ceuntrj'-'—Hir  va- 
rious loca!  advcmtages  O'vir  Europe-' PtUtical  happinefs  an/tug /rem  tht 
abaUjlment  cj  tkt  jtudalfyfltm  of  laius  in  America-'^l  be  free  and  in- 
depemtent  fituaiion  cftl:t  AmeruaH  pfafantry—^NaiiontU  cbara£Ur  of 
thepenphin  America^  not  yet  arrfved  lo'yfiaiurity-^T  heir  natural  in- 

gentittjaHd  iti'ventive  turn The  pDhtii.al  cendu^  of  the  EngUji  Mi- 

ft'/fj,  refpi^ing  America,  prfvious  to  the  breaking  nut  ef  the  ivar-'—^ 

rroceedi/jgs  ofihtfrf  American  Congrefs General  Cage  andtbt  Bof 

ton  port  bill  '•-The  American  aliiance  <uiith  France — Reflexions  arijing 
ihfrefrotn-— A  long  peace  inAmerica,after  the  ijue^r'— Religion  nviUfrtbab" 
Ij  be  thsfirji  caufiofdifinffon  in  the  United  States—  A  unity  rf faith  and 
nvorjhipy  viojl  likely  to  render  mankind  bappj  in  every  part  of  the  tuorld, 

Tork,  Ni'vember  15,  1781. 

*lj~  HIS  great  and  happy  ercnt,  :n  which  the  French  have  had  fo  con- 
J!.  tiderablc  a  rtitrr,  will  Toon  gire  a  new  turr.  fo  American  affairs, 
'I'hc  ibutliein  ftaiss  la  long  harrad'ed  and  diftrelt,  will  now  affume 
ntw  fpirit  and  artivity  The  power  of  Congrelt,  heretotorc  weak 
xnii  wavering,  will  be  confolidated,  and  the  prejadices  againftour 
\'.Uion  will  vanith.  To  what  a  pitch  of  grandeur  will  not  thcfe  new 
ili'.ii  fliortly  arile  ! 

i-xtending  more  than  fix  hundred  league!  from  north  to  fouth, 
aul  much  more  from  caft  to  weft,  fituated  in  temperate  and  ferene 
ciian'.cs,  where  the  vtriei)  of  latitudes,  and  the  natural  fertility  of 
the  (oil,  will  ibon  fupply  them  with  all  tholie  produ6^ioni,  which 
oiiicr  natiotr,  cannot  procure  without  traverfing  imracnfie  lea»  and' 
oceans,  what  ad vuniage  will  they  not  enjo^  ! 

Thii 

*  A.:d  vJ  Corn'ivai/is  hat  recei-vfi  univerfal  apflaufe  in  England^  nvhUt 

^irp'.jv'j  clcpet  itnced nathin-t  but  fatire,  cettitvipt  and  inffiliie.     RtpiitO' 

tiohj  are  like  fortunes  ^xhy  may  be  acquired  if  the  bafift  means.     Corntual- 

Us's  reception  upon  his  arri'-'olln  England,  ikios  undoubtedly Javeurable  ie^ 

^yondkii  'wui-rnffl  hbpes  \  but  the  folio-wing  anecdote  luill  give  ut  fame  idea 
Kvhat  his  expeHclions  -nere,  nahen  be  hjt  kirj^inta. 

Scan  aflir  ihr-  furrrnder,  aKUnf-ral  IVajhtngton  and  CemtJcaUis  iJotre 
'waUiug  topeuher,  ihs  GtnerpJ  ohfrvinf;  bi.  hnt  under  his  arm,  requejltJ 
hi  I ordjkip  to  he  covered — he  declined  it  j  upon  'which  ht(  ExcrUt^cy  ''"»- 
ti.iufd,  his  req)^li,  adding  at  the  fame  time,  ** your  head,  my  Lord,  <wiJl  he 

tapttd  ca^h  tulir     Sir,  replied  his  Lordjhip,  (at  the  fame  timefrtkiu^  l:if 
bead  i)ii^  fumes  ^cvitif  Li;  hand)  a»  io  my  htad^it  \%  uci  matter  wUat  i: 
comes  <;f  it  fi4;w. 


'r  I 


cou]4 


ure  Oi 


trfROt/c>H      AMERICA; 


7.7 


mid. 


con- 

Fairs. 
I'ume 
veak: 
tour 
newr 

lutb, 
rene 
7  of 
hich 
and 


'^ 


'fhii  couiitry  is  interfcfttd  and  watered  in  every  part,  wifh  lakff, 
rifers,  creeks  ind  liviileti.  The  I»kci,  and  forae  of  the  livcis  open 
a  coremunication  with  very  diiLant  regions,  a  conveniency  wbicH 
cannot  be  enjoyed  in  other  paitj  of  the  world  to  any  great  p^r- 
fcAion,  without  the  prev'ous  affiUancc  of  art,  and  the  toi', 
and  labour  •f  mfn  ]«  digging  canals.  There  ate  alfo  rich  mint's 
concealed  in  the  baweh  of  the  fftrth,  efpeciaHy  .hur  moft  uft-ful  of 
all  metals,  iron  5  and  the  Tea  coafl^,  through  wlir  ^i  To  many  gicat  ri- 
ver* difcharge  their  waters,  is  every  where  inccuie-i  '*ith  bay»,  ha- 
♦em,  roadi,  and  ports,  which  abound  with  Ji/l'i  of  the  nioft  excellent 
kinds.  The  banks  of  KswfouadUnd 'viil  always  he  a  nurfery  for 
feamen,  while  the  fcrffls  and  the  plains  will  continue  to  proditc© 
wood,  tar  and  betnp,  for  ths  conftrucling  and  s  igging  of  fhips.  , 

Our  European  cities  and  towns,  for  th'S  rnoil  part,  afford  us  to 
this  day  ftriking  proofs  of  the  calamities,  ignorance,  noifcry  and  bar- 
barity of  our  anceftors,  in  rlicir  unpL-afknt,  uiiicahhy  fituatjons,  iri 
their  wails  planted  round  with  battlements,  their  formidable  tuiretn 
of  defence,  their  clofe  and  compact  buildings,  almoft  without  air  or 
lijrht,  and  their  crooked,  muddy  ftreets,  equally  inccnimodious  aiul 
difgufting  ;  but  the  American  towns  *re  upon  a  different  plnn  ;  not 
walled  in,  as  if  mankind  were  to  lire  in  eternal  dilhuft  of  cachotlur, 
lb«y  are  buVfc  on  agicv'-ibic  falubtious  fpots  of  land,  w?.'hed  by  pure 
and  navigable  waters,  farroundcd  by  fertile  fiftids,  K-iid  out  in  fpac^- 
ou?  ftrects  crofRng  each  other  in  direft  lines,  and  ornamented  witli' 
buildings  every  where  beautiful,  convenient  snd  rcp'-iiar.     ' 

If  America,  in  point  of  foil,  bids  fair  to  txceed  Europe,  what  will 
file  not  do  in  hf^  iejgiflation  and  her  inanner<i  P 

Our  medley  oicnftoms  at  once  abfurd",  uniufl  and  contrad!^t>rr, 
the  baibarous,  complicated  fyllcms  of  feudal  laws,  ancient  Itgifiation 
and  modern  manners,  will  never  be  united  here  under  one  ;4nd  the, 
fame  government,  will  never  take  up  the  whole  tjme  and  abilities  v? 
men  of  genius  to  unravel  their  meaning,  •r  recjuire  numerous  tr)ba.- 
Aals  to  difcuff!  them  ;  or  become  a  mere  labyrinth  wherein  the  fub- 
tle  orator  may  lyde  lunifclf,  or  furprifehis  adverfary  ;  and  under  the 
ianftjon  of  Jdiich  the  all  grafping  lawyer  may  rob  the  widow  and 
th«  orphan  «  their  rights.*  Here,  the  criminal  in  irons  will  <:.~,rc 
to  raife  his  voice,  and  call  his  defenders  to  his  aid  ;  and  the  l^***,  ?.- 
verfe  to  fanguinary  nieafures,  will  patiently  attend  to  what,  he  hss  to 
fay,  before  it  pronounces  fentence  againft  him. 

Barbarous  prejudices  will  not  aim  citizen  agalnft  citizen^  fiirnd 
againft  friend,  expofc  il^e  opprelTed  to  be  crufhsd  l>y  the  opprefibr, 
6r  bunifh  from  their  country  its  moft  ufeful  defenders  j  fepariit;  fn- 
thers  from  their  families,  wives  frenj  their  hi'f])andt,  children  fiom 
thfir  parents  ;  and  produce  thofe  Oiamtful  abA.idities  which  hv 
tht  foldier  under  th«  wretched  necefTity  either  cf  violaline  the   Uyv» 

.  .  cl- 

•  /  twm/J  mt  be  underjtcod  te  fay,  that  ihi  ck'i! L-'^l/Inii:r  '.1  .'/•?  Umff'! , 
States  of  America  ts  a^lually  exempt  fropi  all  thel't  i/nonnfWfKCies  mx^^ 
mbufti  :  jormtdi<pon  that  of  Encland,  at  leaf!  at  fufuliwer-s  cunj^-a/^.' 
framed  in  the  tnidji  af  the  tfQubUiof  a  re'volutlt"  ,  ibe)>  may  jr^frdinnia^^^ 
red  their  cotrJfituticHs,  but  nevrr  ivkilr  their  trouble!  //-?/.,  hvf,  them:,  0*1 
ptrfeSioH.  It  it  tit  the  calms  of  peace  'hat  ftudhui  «*«,  t-nlifJitent^a  «i)»  *-V-. 
periftue,  •will  I e  etiobltdto  free  tbemp-am  (tnfti/kii,  t^id  cj .  %'^tiH(iinx.iii^ 
^mtat>llit»tkir  (limattandcujlotnst 


m 


M 


¥i 


fi  NEW      TRAVELS 

«f  humanity,  of  religion,  ot  his  country— —or  to 'lofe  at  once  th3 
fruit  of  hi»  i'orvices  and  dangers,  and  appear  no  longer  among  hio 
couatrj men  except  iviih  diijgiaceand  inlamy^ 

Legions 

.  J  In  a  difpnre  betwix^  a  Prencb  and  an  Amrrican  ofUcer  (the  on- 
ly one  that  hns  happened)  tlie  Frenchman  fiill  diew  his  fword  j  the 
American  rcfufed  to  follow  his  example,  and  finding  his  long  halbert 
a  more  certain  weapon  of  defence,  wounded  his  adverfary  therewith. 
Jn  Franci?  he  would  have  been  driven  with  difgraceout  of  the  army, 
W  General  V/a(hiugtoj»  contented  hirnfelf  with  puoifting  thtAme- 
rican,  not  for  hnving  combated  with  unequal  arms,  but  for  rai&ug  i 
difturhance  in  the  army.  '4 

The  pradice  of  duellinB;  deprit/es  us  of  fevcral  thoufand  men  year- 
ly ;  a  lofs  the  moft  cortfidcrable,  as  they  zrc  for  the  raoft  part  expe- 
rienced officers,  accviftomed  to  difcipline  and  able  to  bear  fatigue,  but 
whole  place*  are  often  fuppliwl  by  raw  young  fellows,  ruined  by  de- 
liaucherT',  and  mofl;  of  whom  link  under  the  weight  of  the  ferTice.  It 
ii  impofi-ble  then  to  deJlroy  this  inhuman  practice,  which,  notwitb- 
ftand'in^  the  eirorts  of  leveral  princes,  remains  to  this  day  ?   By   no 

ineans fu  ft  of  all  i\\Q  fenci*tg  fchooh  be  fuppre-Ted  j  in  thefe  placer, 

young  fclio-.vs  fbun  jrow  idle  and  corrupt^acquire  a  wrangling  fpirit, 
and  a  i;i:!lying  bebavior.r,  which  is  a  plague  to  fociety,  and  moft  frc- 
quently  piovts  fatal  to  themielvcs.     Tne  Knights  of  the  age  of  chi* 
•»alry,  whoni^  we  are  apt  to  cull  barbarous  and  ig'norant,  were  iels  fo  in 
thi<  refpcdt  than    curfelves.    They  excrcifed  at  arms,  but  only  witl^ 
:*  viewr  to  encourage  an  art  which  ftrengthencci|  the|i;;.bodis9j  and  rcii- 
<'ercd  them  more  aftive  and  redoubtable  in  ight.*f 'B^dt  ^t  what  adf- 
vantage  is  the  art  of  fencing  among  ui  ?  what  good  could  an  army  of 
fencing  n^alters  do  in  repelling  an  invafion  ?  If,  the»,  this  art  avaifa 
iiothiiig  to   the   defence   of  a  country,    a»d  is  dangerous  to  the 
citizens,  why   not  fupprefs  it,   and  proli'bit  the  praftice  ? 
Kxcept  tlrearjns,  the  cullafs  is  the  only  weapon  that  the  troops  make 
v.ic  of  in  actual  Tervlce,  and  why  cannot  the    management  of  it   be 
harnt  in  fchools,  appropriated  to  the  corps  in  icrvice  only,  and   the 
carrying  (f  it  be  forbidden  to  all  other  citizens,  and  even  (as  in  the 
prailice  of  i'lrac  nationj)/to  the  military  ihemfclves,  vrhea  not  upoA 
real  duty.     Let  no  officer  hi  expelled  from  his  corps  for  having   re-- 
i'ufed  a  challenge,  but  rathe:  let  fuch  a  conduct  be  the  means  of  hii 
advancrrnrtit,  cfpccially  it  his  Hidland  bravery  have  been  tried  on 
cth^r  cccafions.    The  maa  who  is  capable  of  iacrificing  vulgar  pre-; 
juJices  to  the  good  of  his  country,  certainly  merits  its  thanks  j  and 
whoever  fhould  reproach  fuch  a  one,  ought  to  he  driven  away  or   "'< 
puniflied,   be  he  officer  or  folditr.  Whocvr  fends  a'chailenge,  ought  ;~ 
to  fufi":r  djllioj/or  and  difgrcce,  and  the  commanders  fhould  be  alfo 
cbliged,  under  fcvere  penaUies,  not  to  fufrer  duellijit'ni  the  army,  any 
move  fhan  they  now  do  men  that  refur?  to  light.      Such  ciRceis  as. 
have  difputes  with  each  other,  ftiould  be  compelled  to  fubmit  them 
ttjjthe  de'ciiion  of  their  equals  t  this  would  have  far  more  etteft  ujx- 
i^tjTa  giddy  young  fellow,  than  being  obliged  to  fight  a  duel,  where 
%fi  might  flatter  hirnfelf  that  his  (kill  and  dexterity  would  bring  him 
off  conqueror.    The  Frcuch,  would  not  be  reputed  leis  brave,  for  - 
having  private  fights  among  thcmfelves.    The  Gauls,   the  Greeks, 
and  Che  Romans  at  no  time  cut  each,  others  throstts  for  an  offecilve 


THROvoH     AMERICA: 


73 


C«gions  of  birds  and  quadrupedes  will  not  here  be  allowed  to  de- 


Iroy  the  hu(bandi 


fidi 


iih 


My 


nd  he,  as  wcli  us  the 


iman 
rich  and  great,  may  iprtaa  ins  nets  tor  tilh,  an  me  nvers  mat  wiiia 
through  his  meadows. 

The  indolent,  palTive  chara^er  of  thefejpeople,  would,  it  it  tniej 
lead  one  to  fufpeit  that  they  will  never  arrive  to  tl—jiower  and  im» 
portatice  that  ijtniiny  natural  advantages  leem  to  proinile.  Buv  tlun 
It  mull  be  coKfidered  that  this  national  charaftcr  ariics  frpm  vuitoin, 
climate  and  a  manner  ofliving  which  will  one  day  be  greatly  changed  s 
a  regular  retired  manner  of  life,  ignorant  of  the  in.puhcs  of  aij'ui- 
tion,  unacquainted  with   extravagant   pltaP.i:e,  and   net  exj»  (cd  to 

Ifreat  and  (udden  changes  of  fortiuie,  unaccuttomed  to  v^iritLy,  and 
efs  laborioully  than  agiecably  fpcnr,  cannot  have  that  a^ivity  ai.d  c- 
itergy  vrhich  prefling  neccfiities  and  uniuly  paiHons  excite  and  ke*.p> 
pp.  Food,  weak  and  unfubftantial ;  drink  wirhout  a  mixture  cf  (pirit, 
father  difTolving  than  digeftive  ;  an  air  impregnated  wish  !.u.,  'l  par- 
ticles, from '.he  evaporation  of  the  forslti,  mult  necaff.cUy  ll.i.keii 
4nd  relax  the  nerves,  give  a  flower  but  more  regular  ciirulation  to 
the  blood,  and  confcquently  render  the  feelings  lefs  xculs,  rise  ir.rgi-. 
nation  left  lively,  and  lefs  animated,  the  humour  more  C'^ld  lu'l  dull, 
but  not  fo'inconftant  as  with  us.  Yet,  when  a  more  nutcfioui  pj- 
pulation  fiiall  have  levelled  thefc  immenfe  ibrcits,  and  luiJ  open  ihe 
foil  to  the  genial  influence  of  the  fun,  when  the  air  iha'l  have  Lf.ccnua 
tiioi'c  free  and  thin,  and  new  plantations,  and  an  exteiidvec  juim-ji.fi 
fhall  have  made  th?  ufe  of  fplritous  liquors  more  cai.m.on,  when  t'le 
people  fhall  fettle  nearer  together  and  hav- more  inteicourle  tlia-.i  at 
preient  ;  tbta  the  ptf|^hs  will  awake  anvl  be  routed  to  sSclon,  aud 
the  Americans  wiU;fno^  at  once  what  they  are  to  be. 

But  vhat  a  fpcdacle  do  tijcfp  fettlcmcnti  even  now  aheady  cr.hl* 
bitto  ourview.confidering  thafihey  aic  bi:t  of  I'atji  more  than  a 
century  ftanding,  and  have  been  conitantiy  under  the  contuul  oiF-ng-. 
lifli  policy,  alwayl  Aifpicious  and  tyrannical,  which  Icized  tl'.c  huit* 
Ot  their  ind'iftry,  and  rendered  itlelt  the  lolcpoiiliVv*;-  of  their  cota- 
merce  ?..,**•- 

Spacious  and  level  rords  already  travc  rL-  the  vaftly  extenied  furcfta 
df  this  country  }  hrge  and  coftly  "onildings  huve  b\-n  raiii'd,  cither 
for  themeetiiig  of  the  repreftnrative*  oi  the  atatei.,  for  an  at/lum  ta 
the  defenders  cf  their  country,  in  diilrefs,  ur  for  '.lie  convenience  of 
inftrufting yen iig  citi/.cns  in  language,  arts  and  ftiencc.  Ihcfc  lai!, 
*^hich  are  for  the  molt  part  enduwed  with  Conruiciiole  p&lleiU<J'.i* 
and  revenues,  are  alfo  furnifhed  with  libraries  ar.d  a;e  under  th?  di- 
rfeftion  of  able  malfers,  invited  hither  from  difrerevit  pr.rt*of  Europe  r 
fh'ip  yards  arc  eltablilhed  in  all  their  port«,  and  tl'cy  aheady  rival  th« 
belt  artifts  of  the  old  world  in  point  of  naval  architecture  j  numerous 
minrs  have  been  opened;  and  they  have  now  feveral  f»ua.U;ries  for 
calting  of  cannon,  which  are  in  no  lefptft  inferior  to  cur  own  i  and 
if  the  height  of  the  architeds /kill  lias  not  yet  covered  their  watt rt 
iftith  thofc  prodigious  bridges,  viiici;  are  wont  to  be  extended  over 
tfie  waves,  and  unite  the  oppofire  (hores  cf  large  rivers,  as  with  US| 
ftill  iftduftry  and  perfeverancehss  fupplied  the  want  thcieof ,  pl^nki 
laid  upon  beamsi  lalhed  together  with  ttout  ringi,  and  wbicu  ma/ 

iwt^rd,  and  yet  we  cry  them  up  for  prodigies  of  courage— ——Sixh 
«afy  j»nd  liaiple  methods   would  infiilibiy  change  cpr  minnere,  anA-^ 
bring  about  a  revolution  in  morals  that  would  do  m^ii  k^iiU^  to  lU^ 


m 


'■e:>-i: 


74 


NEW      TRAVELS 


B     I 


b«  t»Vcti  apart  ai  the  |>le.trurc  ©t  the  builJ^r  are  by  their  buoyancy 
»s  I'jlikl  and  ufeful  m*  our  rirm'^lt  works,  dcfgnn!  for  the  fame  ends. 
In  o'Ucv  }>Ia>jr<  whoii  aiivcr  is  too  deep  toi  fixing  the  foundalicn  ct 
a  biiilf,ffVh'  its  Hwftoin,  a.  t\<-n\  m,i(«oi'  timber  wnrk  is  thrown  o»cr 
iw  acui  feline,  Aipported  oi:l)  at  the  exti<.niitic£,tlie  internal  ftrength 
ct  vh;;  rt-niilu'r  iip'M'Uling  if  in  etrry  other  psrt.  Ticondcroga, -f- 
iheCikin^of  (^Ijuhbytlie  Euglith,  .ovcrcd  the  Americana  with 
coiiiofion.  ftill  prcvrd  to  their  aftoni(hrd  cncniit»,  to  what  a  pitch 
ti)iii  iftduli.ioi)!  talciU  could  be  canted. 
Fvciy  bonrc  and  divcliiiij;  eont  rm?  within  itfelf  almoft  all   the  orl- 

fiiv^l  ?nd  molt  nec'.i^Hry  ,ir»:  the  baud  that  trace*  out  the  liuniw, 
r\iy«i\  alio  Ik,v*  to  j^ivn  the  {bj|;elt{.x  b'utk  of  wci-d  what  foin  i^  jlea- 
ivty  how  t'>  p-^eiuuc  t.if  hidrr  i'fcAltIc  fur  uie,  and  CAtrn6l  Spirit  frcm 
th-  juive  ')f  buits  I'ht  young  rxv:^\  ni-k'cn,*  wUofe  charming  com- 
j'kr.imi  has  ret  bee»i  tnn»tdi;^wrj  h)  ibc  burning  rays  cfiiic  k»n,  or 
rfi?hcr«d  by  blading  wiiuls,  upon  wlHitt)  pile  Uideiy  hasn«!rcr  ftamped 
i;s  hiitc'ul  in>prcf!S»»iis  hnbwB  how  to  Tj-mu  v.nol,  cotton,  flax,  and  af- 
teivvsvdi  i»eJi»e  tlcm  int  >iiloth.  Ton  cniu'.ut^ort  are  Teen  every  where 
iip-  n  tho  bni!ljin(•R,v^hi;.b  while  (hty  urefci  vc  the  itiluibiiarts  ficmthe 
lalAl  tfi'  (6i»c,-!  lirhtning,  ini«tioiiaii/;e  the  inemoiy  of  tTaitklin,that  ve- 
1  ( ivMr  (s^j",  \'.*n?  :f  tiic  i.dtrmitifin  of  the  P^n^.tni  v  ai^d  (how  at  the 
fair':  tit'.ic  how  mvich  tht;  PTtdifpoled  to  pi'iut  tjy  his  in»ention9. 

VVhcvi  the  i!iei;uKcppicinvp  a'^l^  wtic  fianit-d,  .did  (cnt  orrr  to  de- 
i^r'nythtit  ptivileiitE,  with  »lm  ptudcnce  ulululion  and  courage  did 
IJici  net  unite  to  tit  fend. tlirm  !— —  and  heie  we  or^jht  to  pnuCe,  and 
^x  our  atiention,  t»  ioi  m  a  jnopcr  jub'^ment  of  iht  Americ.m*.  Meiii 

,;4  Icattcrcd 

f77'5  Europrar;  kef:e  hen  rrtaliy  vtijt'a^en  -vf^mWgard  to  tht  moivvei 
find  hrha^vuiui'  rj' '!)..■  A/atfican  leader i  on  ft':,'t  cJthaU-J  (tc(flfiou.  'their 
nvhol'  Jorct-  cdnfijhd  nf  vf  »•)  I'ttL  n-'^rg  than  ^  S"'^  mftty  nvb'U  thut  rf  ike  itrt' 
tHy  nLf's  it  hnfi  ly.ooo.  'Vke  pnji  ccnlJ  nrt  ha%'e  l>ee>:  ez-acuottd  'ixUh  any 
tvttour  tiUthi'  force  and  7ru>-'.Jii\  af  th  cncvi'j  nvcr*  r.'-ettaititd,  and  tltSy 
from  a  'variety  cj  caujit,  'v.as  t.cl  done  in  ihu  itidtt-ie  till  ttty  ivere  alvwft 
upon  ibc  fpQt.  Thus  an  abunddintieni  oj  the  pUa-  Ijicane  ahfoiuii-'j  titcfjjuryf 
t-i;dinfuch  circUmJlanLCs  i*:irij)-,tit  il.al  ntY.f  mede,  utidtr  Ceneritl  Si.ci4iiif, 
Tx'flj  Cfriatff/y  in  ci;crj f-^Jc  fropir  a>:d  pi  af.  -ai'U  to  nvaiiinp^  the.  i^feni  tf 
StH  (ij/ariiy  in  ii-hich^futfi  tht  mtr-uKliry  oj  i.umbtrs^  tht  pkice  'll'isuL  in  all 
frobabtiitj.  ha-cr.  bwn  carried^  andfiH  a foMitr  Ifji  to  cJpojV  the  progrefs 
of  ibe  -{t  einvMiiUk  ivard.  Ih':  ar:-/])  at  Charltjlo'n.n,  in  i7?o,  iceri  ntarly 
it:  fi/uilar  iu-(uv^i}a>ici'<  ivith  thalof'ii<:inJirrga,in  1777  ;  ivhut  bkodand 
d«:'Vaflaiion  ivcvid  have  been  favtd,  ha  J  ibii  a'ncy,  t/^-mt  ivtre  efternxards 
PHidt  prijhur,  in  that  piacc^  bicn  1'.  iihdr:nx»  Jrcm  the ^arrtfn  jer  th,"  de- 
fence of  lb,:  (cuntrv,  iff  cad  of  t'.Aiti/tO,  to  be  fui  reunUid  by  tt:  at,  ay.  Ihe 
tworL\i^O'iv  at  Ittj^th,  f!!'ir>  Crrurel  •^t.i.'latfjihu  credit  Jor  the  scntrou<  and 
iiijinttrefcdpart  he  ii/-t.dat  licand,.rcj:^0.  if '.He  he  inai  yet  tn  k\i  iutrtncb" 
Kleniit  is  e'Jfri'f.'  tj  Ciilcml  I  arnci-,  cue  qj  !.  u  c^-f;-%  n.t:ith  a  magnamfritj 
thai  (nnnni  he  fujficicnt'l^  admired— -^^*  If  1  enfucuetn  the  place,  W|  cLn-* 
raSer  'will  berwntd  ;  1}  I  rewnin  /yv,  the  army  nvrll  be  loji  j  but  for  the 
fnjetr  oJ  the  amy  I  am  dt'.erviitted  to  e-vc.cueie  it,  cllbou^J}  ttivilt  fi^cfucl^ 
en  alarm  asboi  not  kaypened  in  its  country  fiau  the  nvar  ecmmtittceU,  " 

Translator. 

,   *  It  ijevide/it  that  tie  author  inJhis place^  fs  'will  as  in  rlhiny  ttiers,  it 
dronuing  a  piird'c!  Lit'ivetn  the  condition  nf  the  American  peafanttyttm^. 

$koji  effimnctf  mtdfi'vsraliibif  mntruf  o/Europt^    Tr-amslatoRs 


T  H  R  0  u  e  II      AMERICA; 


71 


fcattered  through  extcnfivc  countriej,  different  in  cliinat*,  and  cbfh- 
ing  in  tht'u-  intfrelhand  mixlcs  uf  worOiip,  to  the  v».  order  ct  the  whole 
world,  formed  iirociations,  wtuch  coincided  «»  ex»6tly  in  the"  tlcci- 
fions,  ni  if  the  whale  matter  had  been  preconcerted,  (rrout  Ritaia 
vainly  tiittcred  hf^  fclf,  that  by  Ihutling  up  the  port  of  Holt-jn,  Ihc  had 
efFciftually  intimiiiated  thcfe  provlnr-ei,  and  railed  riiin73U9  UiriMcion* 
among  tuem  ;  yet,  alter  this  arbirrswy  atl,  their  corni)l*itits  wcir  but 
the  more  urgeat,  and  the  coijjmon  ^.toger  did  but  llrcngthcii  rl'sir  un- 
ion the  more  j  the  maritia.e  towns  in  the  nei^hUourhood  of  B^O:  , 
inftead  of  being  dazzled  with  t!ie  iminenfe  rtdvanfig»;3  which  wtrre  p>  • 
miliid  them,  viewed  tLs  mealaie  with  indif^"t\atioa  and  horror.  The 
town  of  Sal^m,  to  which  the  piivilcgcs  cf  tlie  Koftoni.\ns  were  no«v 
transferred,  wrote  thus  to  the  Governor  of  the  provincj ; 

••  Ws  are  deeply  ari:>5t'ed  at  tlie  public  calainitiea  j  and  ihcmifcrlet'^ 
"  of  GVii  brethren,  in  tiie  capita]  of  the  province  gives  us  thegr  ^^teit 
**  concern;  we  will  continue  to  hope  however  that  your  txciUency 
**  will  do  your  eodcavour  to  lighten  the  accumulated  mifchi^fs  that 
*'  have  fallen  upon  that  unhappy  people.     Suine  may   i:nap,is«   iliai 
**  the  (hufing  up  the  haibour  of  D'jiloQ  will   tarn  ths  v\liule  com- 
•*  merce  of  that  place  into  our  channel,  and  be  greatly  to  our  pro- 
•*  fit;   but  Mature,  when  Ihe  formed  our  port,  rctuied    ir  equal   ad- 
•*  vantages,  and  has  not  atiorded  us  thofs  convcnltncies  that   wonhl 
<*   enable  us  to  become  rivals.    Befidcs  we  have  not  renounced  every  ; 
**  idea  of  jiiflice  and  all  the  fentiments  of  humrinily,   in  tr.tertaiiiinoj;' 
*'  the  bale  thought  of  growing  rich  and  making  foi  tunes  out  of  Lh» 
*'   ruins  of  our  neigltlxiurs  :  &c." 

Virginia  refolvcd,  ''That  an  attack  made  upon  or?  colony, to  nbrge 
it  to  fubmit  to  arbitrary  taxation,  wr.sfquUiy  iijniious  to  nil  the 
reft,  and  threatened  them  with  the  total  \o\\  of  their  privilegpi."  (i  he 
decifions  of  Rhode- lilaad,  where  the  weight  of  arbitrary  power,  vva-^ 
molt  felt,  were  not  Icfs  bold  j  but  thofe  of  Maryland,  a  ptovir;de  hx 
the  hands  of  powerful  proprietor*,  fuj^.aHed  tlieni  ftili.  »  All  iht  rcIV 
of  the  continent  tuinifelted  the  Isine  <'a-ntri«-(s,  and  ef*;ib!i»'htd  ej|!ery 
where  comiaittees  of  corrcfnondence  with  the  pcneral  Con^rcfs.'"  \  "* 

And  thus  this  prohibitory  bill,  that  was  publiihid  and  laviflily  $'C' 
femin'itf;d  throujjh  the  country,  far  from  iprc\iciin<j  a  if.iiv>?^rf'il  c>*n- 
fterni'tion,  hrtd  only,  fays  the  EngliiJx  hlltorian,  the '.^V.^l  rhich  the 
poets  attribute  to  the  tcrcli*:s  of  tlie  Fuiies,  th;^t  ol  burning  atid  ccn* 
lumirg  in  every  niace  wh.ce  they,  happened  to  puts. 

'  Nft-.''  sc*ls,  rdative  to  the  lo.dg:ng  of  Ihe  troops  in  tl'.e  province  or 
Maflachujetts  B:;y,  co.oipletpd  the  general  indignsticn  :  ihcy  now 
thought  of  nothinr,  but  ihutvin^  up  the  ports,  xnaking  contributions 
to  luccour  their  Ailt«rin,5  brethrthin  r.ultoii,  and  htiUlInr  a  general 
Conf;refs.  In  Ho'.hin,  the  conimitttt  t>f  correfpuiideuce  palTcdui!  A&^f 
in  wliii^they  oblijjed  themfefvfs,.  in  the  moft  folemn  manner,  by  tak,* 
i«g  Gaaato  witnclij,  to  abllain  from  all  commercial  iiuercoiirle  wiil'i 
Great  Brjjain,  until  the  reji^-al  of  the  prohibitory  port  a^^,  iuict 
whatever  elf2  nailitated  afaimt  their  privi^^g-rs  :  net  to  cor.rume  op 
purchaieany  articles  imported  linc«  the  ]~lt  of  Auguft,--not  to  trade 
with  thulc  who  did  import,  --to  renounce  all  conn'jx.ion  witit  i'vcb  at 
flio'  W  refufc  to  fiiblcribc  to  this  agreement,  and  pablifh  thttr  natnc», 
to  J^  held  in  everiahing  dilgrace. 

^iie  fisveral  provinces  ftrove  who  Oiou'dheforrmoftincu'Cnng  into.. 


r. 


'3 


4      V     .  1^ 


In  vain^did  General  Qvl^z,  Govei;jyj;  of  AyJaiiliCu-'fetii- 


NEW      TRAVELS 


t'i 


Bny.  rfpchre  it,  by  li's  proclamation,  illegal,  cleftru£Vive,  contrary  !• 

t^ie  tsalty  they  oweil  ili,«  •<•!'«.  tfniling  to  deltroy  the  Ifgal  authority 
of  the  ,)arHatr<"n'  ol  lii'g'aiuT,  ami  injurious  to  the  public  neace  and 
feciritv  }  i(^  vam  iliii  he  employ  threus,  anJ  order  tire  judges  to 
ftii'e;  upon  Mioi'e  vtho  (hould  lubltnbe  it,  countenance  it,  oriuve  any 
lh.i'e  in  puuirtbinp  it. 

Virginia, in  ;iddition  to  hertnorecaily  determinations,  now  rcrolved, 
tint  iMc  v/f^M  import  no  more  llavcs  troin  AfVica,  or  the  We(llndie»  i 
a■^•\  noBiifi'h  imnufaiStures,  after  the  ftill  of  November,  if  their  grie- 
v.ii:tes  were  not  tctlirliVd  by  tiic  15th  of  Au^uft,  1775  J  that  after  this 
T^r.  jd,  ihe  woijl  1  not  export  tobacco  or  any  other  merchandize  to 
Gr;u  jJiitain,  and  that  to /ai'|''>"  '"-r  own  neceifities,  <he  would  cul- 
tiv.uc  t'lofj  produilions  molt  nrce/lary,  and  raife and  multiply  herds  of 
cattle.  Maryland,  an  J  tiic  i*o  Caiolinaa,  took  the  lanje  meafures  j 
and  u  N.-ivport,  this  lentence  was  every  wbere  ftuck  up— Uni.'e  or  dif^ 
■f  leppopk  of  the  to'^n  of  Mai  bleheaj,  whofe  harbour  was  btft  fitu- 
atcd  to  jMOtlt  bjr  the  (huttijig  up  of  Jit.llon,  gtncroully  oflcred  to  the 
Loifciiiuis  their  town,  their  po;  t,  and/upplic»  oi"  p'ovition?  ;  pr^Dofcd 
tobep'-elt-nt  at  the  loading  and  unloading  of  iheirefl{(5t»,and  to  tranfaCt 
•11  tiioir  buunffs  for  them,  without  expecting  a  fai  thing  of  reward.  . 
The ir  cliai  tcrs  gave  tije  Amei  icans  a  right  to  chool'e  their  own  repre- 
fcntativ^s  But<Jenera]  Gage,  in  violation  thereof,  received  from  the 
courtofI.ondon,a  lilVof  thirty  nine  pcribnt  appointed  tofitin  council; 
tliinylour  of  whoin  *«>rtlc  their  ieati.  But  the  people  immediately 
<{.-clHred  them  enennec  to  their  country,  threatened  to  treat  them  a|' 
rfiich,    and  pronounced  them  incapanle  of  holding  their  places. 

The  hwyers  andinrics  of  the  province,  at  the  opening  of  the  court** ' 
refiifcd  to  f*ke  the  uCual  cafh,  or  ♦o  have  any  connexion  with  them, 
•vhije  the  re^iiters  of  the  courts  afked  pardon  of  their  country.in  the 
piib'.ic  papers,  for  having  lllued  warrants  for  fummoning  the  jurura 
to  attrnd,  with  promires  nor  to  tominit  the  fi(me,fault  again  5  declaring,. 
•t  thf  ilntic  figit^.  that  they  wouM' never  forgive  themfelvoi  for  it,  al- 
tfio'  thci;  counrrymen  (liould  :  Kntrarice  into  the  cou;  ts  of  judice  was 
reluied  the  judges  ;  they  were  furrounded  by  the  populace,  wherever 
thw  went,  were  puvi'hed  into  their  very  houfcs,  and  forced  at  laft  to 
Cbrce.-'.l  themlelve?,  not  only  frotn  the  public,  but  from  each  otiier. 

The*>ld  conltiriuion  bein;^  thus  annulled  by  aft  of  parliamenjf,  thd 
prx  pic  at  t!ie  faine  time  rejeiling  tlie  new  one,  there  was  no  longer  law . 
n.jr  goveriiinent  in  the  province  of  MafTachuletts  Bay  \  Hoivevcr,  even 
in.  this  ilate  of  anarchy,  they  committed  no  a^s  of  e3;cela  10  be  re« . 
I/roachi:d  with  ;  (uch  an  influence  bad  the  old  laws  uponiheir  minds» 
a?  th-  moment  they  were  to  be  annihilated  ! 

At  length,  the  general  Congr'.-lv  opened  at  Philadelnbia,  on  the  fifth  ' 
•itf  53f'ren\btj-,  i77<^.,  and  piiblilhed  i«  the  molt  op-^n  and  fokmn  man- 
r  I  ?,  the  rtiitlmpnt,-,  the  views  and  the  refwurces  of  the '•On^rJerated 
J  KMvinces.-  Tiie  i;iftiu6f:o><s  given  them  by  their  conftitU;^^fi,  bore 
H\  linking  liktocfs  to  "h'^ir  charafler,  and  the  ditl'erent  tnodes  of 
^.Mnkin.p;  among  them  ;  bUt  were  pcrfe6tly  conibnant  la  the  raoft  ma-  ^ 
terial  piy,:.ti,  and  teiided  to  the  fame  purpoib. 

lii  their  addiCis  to  General  Gage,  they  complain  of  the  oppreflive 
afts  ,  f  paili  .int-Mt,  of  his  rigorous  mode  of  executing  them,  of  the* 
f.»iti  iv;Uion3  raided  ar  Boiton,  tha  plundered  propeity  of  individuals, 
t'u-  di!'  rierly  condiii'lof  h:s  troop$^aiidthe  cutting 0^ the  intercourfe 

They 


TRRoucH    America; 


n 


They  iJubHfhed^t  the  fame  ttrae,  a  declaration  of  fhe  immutable 
ttamral  rights  of  tHc  jjrovincts,  the  principle*  cf  the  Knglifh  con(ti<« 

tption.  a^d  tl"  ir  <litrcrcnt  charters.     '•  No  one,  i:\y  they,  c:in  (liipoffe 

of  our  live«,  our  libertici  and  our  property  without  oui  conlvint  j  the 
colonies  have  yielded  up  theic  unalienable  rights  to  no  pov»er  jvh:\t- 
ever  5  our  ancertors,  fro-n  the  time  of  their  emigration,  have  enjoyed 

the  privileges  of  Englifli  born  lul  ufts  ;  by  their  cmigra'.ing  to  Ame- 
yica.they,  by  no  Hieana,  give  up'orlvjft  thefe  rights;  and,  tonfidered 
as  fiich  fubjoi'^s,  they  cannot  but  drive  a  (hare  in  the  Icgiditive  coun-' 

cil,  and  lince  ihcy  are  not  admitted  to,  and  ca)inot  be  reprelented  in, 
the  parliament  of  EngUnd,. their  Icgiflative  power  muft  exilt  in  their 

provincial  alfcmUlie*  ;  ihcy  cannot  thcitfore  be  taxed  aibitrarily,  or 
without  tlieir  own  consent,  ind  if  ihey  enjoy  equal  pilvileges  with  the 
niotlier  country,  they  have  alfo  the  fanve  right  to  be  tried  by  theic 
pterc  :  bcfides,  all  tiieic  pri'  cfes  have  been  confirmed  by  royal  char- 
ters, and  recognised  by  atls  of  parliankcnt.'*—— "They  then  declare, 
Vnanimoudy  that  *♦.  if  thefe  grievances, are  not  redrefTed,  they  vill  im- 
poft  no  mori  commodities  from  (ireat- Britain  ;"  and  afterward  enter 
ipto  fame  di.cuitions  relative  to  the  tonddttofthe  merchants,  the  en- 
courgensent  of  maniifa^^hires,  and  the  confumption  of  comnmoities.  .: 
7'bey  likeA'ii'e  ai^ldreni'd  a  petition  io  his  majefly,  a  mnnorial  to  the 
people  or  Great  Brirain,  ao  addreU  to  the  cojlonies  in  genera),  and 
anotlier  to  Canada.  %  ♦.'•n  .  < 

In  the  petition  to  his  majefty,  they  obferve,  fhnt  an  army  is  kept  uj> 
in  the  colonit-s  in  time  of  peace,  without  iheirconfeni,  th-^t  a  naval 
force  was  employed  to  countenance  unjnft  impofitions  upon  trade  ; 
thnt  the  authority  of  commander  in  chief,  and  Brigadier  G«;nenJ,  was 
bet-ome  abfolutc  in  every  gevcrnment  !n  America;  that  the  com- 
manding Central  was  in  time  of  pe;ice,  nominated  Gonjemoy  of  a  co- 
lony \  and  ftiat  the  number  of  expenfive,  oppreflive  officejs  vvis  unne- 
cefl'irily  and  prodigioviily  increafed;  thjt  the  judges  were  become  whol- 
ly dependent  unon  the  crown  for  their  falaries,  and  the  duration  of  > 
tiieir  comiri<n(nis,that  the  agents  of  the  people  were  dilcountenanced, 
and  inftru^i^^V.'jns  giv.cn  to  prf-vent  the  payment  of  heir  (tiaries,  &c. 
in  ftiort  they  omitted  nothing  that  could  difplay  their  attachment  and. 
fabn>iiri'jn  to  their  fovtreign,  or  their  love  and  >  -neration  for  their 
mother  country.— -They  next  tell  him,  "  VVe  have  inherited  from  our 
ancefiors  th<»t  paffionate  love  of  liberty,  which  placed  your  illulfriaust 
family  on  the  throne."  They  then  goon  to  btfeecb  him  by  alt  that 
is  molt  facied,  .by  the  intereUs  of  his  kingdem,  by  his  own,  by  the  fe- 
curity  and  profperity  of  \hc  l-iws,  by  the  happinefs  of  his  fubjef^s, 
whofe  father  he  is,  not  ro  (tiifer  fuc/.  ;;ntiiTiatc  bonds  of  aficdion  to  be 
broken  alunder  in  expe(5h".tion  of  certain  events,  which,  allho'  they 
might  poflibly  turn  out  n.  lad  to  his  wiH),  would  never  compenlaie 
for  the  inevitable  loflVs  that  would  attend  ihem* 

In  the  memorial  aJdreHeJ  t*i  the  people  of  Britain,  they  bring  into 
view  the  rights  thty  ought  to  cnioy  as  free  men,  citizcrvs  and  colonirfs, 
%he  fraall  regard  they  entertain  for  the  prcf'nt  Engliih  miniltry,  the 
attachment  they  h-jd  always  fliown  for  their  mother  country,  the  nu- 
merous fervices  ihey  had  rendeied  her  laR  war,  and  the  taxes  with 
whicii  they  were  burdened  tipon  I-er  account,  ami  whicli  were  fooli(hly 
fq.uardered  upon  court  fa/jucires.  They  prove  undeniably  that  fuc- 
rers  againft  them  would  be  as  dangerous  to  the  liberties  of  Great-Bri- 
tain as  to  tliofe  of  America.  *'  America  once  fubje^fcd,  fay  they, 
5*  would  Uridf  become  the  inltrumeat  of  fubje£ting  you."     The/ 


it' 


i 


>« 


NEW       TRAVELS 


k 


i 


They  l.iftly  bulM  their  hop-i  of  a  re-ff^-.Mi{!in«e||A  of  peace  Jind  hn-. 
moiiy,  fiiciicfhip  and  Uroilttrly'irf'cih'*;.;  monjf  ..^iThiii  ui.ij^rty'j 'ub- 
)c(ih,  upon  tl)."  jjrentnels  and  jn  tice  of  w  •  'tiiiii;  iv.tnin,  hy  ch'-oiinf 
a  wil';,  inifpcivicnt  parliament,  afiiiiiarc<  »u\t  »  love  ot  the  public 
g>ort,  r.iul  A  diTiie  to  defend  their  violated  ;ight:  againlt  a  wicked 
and  ill  defigninj;  miniitry.  ' 

In  tlieir  .idJrcls  to  tlie  (Janndiw«,they  difco»er  th«  greareft  caution 
and  discretion,  and  make  ule  of  fucli  .irgmnf  «t»  ai  arc  m<ift  coafor- 
maiile  to  tlic  gonitis  and  iiiterfdi  of  th«t  people.  They  demonitiat* 
fioin  reaP.in,  from  fa6>j,  from  the  ttfllrnoay  of  the  mrft  celebrated 
writers,  that  in  bccofr.inj  Engli(h  fubjefl*,  they  participate  in  all  their 
prerogatives  ;  they  pro»«  that  the  <jiiebec  adt,  deprived  them  of  all 
thcij;  lh.it  they  hid  no  lonjer  a  political  cxil^encej  that  thtir  pro- 
p;rty,  and  even  tlieir  ;ierfor»  were  b(.come  I'ubjedcd  to  the  will  and 
tl.e  caprice  of  a  tyrannical  min'.fter. 

'lheyf*i.-'v  Them  that,  forming*  fiii^ll  people  in  compan Ton  of  their 
numerous  and  poweital  neiohbours,  it  is  th;ir  intsrrflt  and  hap[)int;f» 
to  huv-.";  thtf  unite<l  cnlonirs  tor  their  fteady  l.iends,  iincc  iiatuie  had 
juincil  their  refpriHiive  countries  together  by  an  induiolvible  connexion, 
and  fepinted  them  alike  from  their  tyrannical  opprefio-s  by  extenfive 
tricts  of  ocean.  "  Ditferencc  of  religion,  ohierve  they,  cannot  be  an 
**  obftacltt  to  our  union  ,  fuch  difference  exiih  in  the  Stxi/s  Cantonif 
"  and  yet  they  are  not  the  lelii  united." — ^I'hey  go  on  to  allure  them, 
th't  it  if!  the  wiih  of  the  colonies  to  confitier  them  as  allies ;  and  that 
iuch  an  aliixnceijas  been  unanimoufly  afTented  to  in  their  alfcmblies  j 
that  a  viohtionof //ji^/V  rights  (hall  be  looked  upon  at  an  inAiltotFered 
to  their  own,  and  that  they  now  invited  them  to  accede  to  a  confcde* 
racy,  the  obje-^ft  of  which  was  the  fecurity  of  the  natural  and  civil 
pHvilef  s  of  the  members  of  the  corumunity. 

rhi".  invit-ti)n  of  the  general  Congrefs,  and  the  addrefTts,  contain^ 
ir5c;  quite  a  new  political  (yftem,  were  revered  almoll  hs  much  as  the 
lJ-.oleamori>:j  the  people,  who  adhered  ftriftiy  to  the  opinions  therein 
contained,  in  every  particular  :  they  flattered  Themielves  thnt  fuch 
petitions  and  acldreites  as  thefe  could  not  fail  of  bringing  about  fotne 
favourable  chr.ngesin  England  ;  but  when  they  found  that  they  had 
ro  other  eifedt,  and  wtic  anCwcred  no  other  way,  than  by  an  ail:  pro- 
bibitinp;  the  exportation  of  warlike  (lores  from  Great  Biitain  to  New-* 
F.nj^lAnd,  then  it  was  that  pacific  meafurcs  were  totally  given  up  ;— 
bftdies  of  militia  weie  immediately  formed,  regulations  for  difcipline 
vrsre  made,  and  means  t.«ken  to  "provide  arms  and  ammunition.  They 
cncourij3;ed  the  ercdling  of  powder-mills,  manufa(!:Vures  of  falt-petri 
and  fmill  arms  were  let  on  foot.  Some  of  the  provinces  went  (o  far, 
a';  to  feize  upon  the  ammunition  and  arms  in  the  public  (lores  ;  and 
thus  it  turned  out  that  the  a6l'3  of  parliam'^it,  the  ftveriry  of  whic?i 
wai  r.ieant  to  reduce  the  colonies  to  tranquility,  only  ferved  to  Incrcafe 
tii(f  flames  of  animofity  and  difcord. 

All  hopes  of  reconciliation  being  now  at  an  end,  feveral  trifling 
acts  of  hoftility  foreboded  more  conhdorableones  to  be  near  at  hand. 

f-nghnd  muft  have  feeu  with  ationifhmt'nt,  the  colonies  dijcufling 
their  rights  with  i'o  much  boldnefs  and  truth,  taking  tiK-afuresfo  wife- 
ly, and  dil'covtring  Cuch  undaunted  relbliuion  :  but  what  inult  have 
been  her  fear»,  when  after  her  formidable  aimaments  had  arrived  to 
fib  Uie  t'?ein,  (he  faw  them  dare  to  advnnce,  and  diij^mte  tvery  iach 

•f  grouad  \^ith  thcfe  nuinenous  v^ieran  forces  i  Men 

'■-  ■  ■  .        -^  ■ 


r 


THROUGH      AMERICA. 


79 


up  ;— 

r!:jipline 

Tliey 

petri 

To  far, 

;  and 

wliich 

ticreafe 


Men  wbo  liaJ  iie^'cr  learnt  to  obc),  always  acci.ftumed  to  tlif  pcHvfl 
and  quiet  of  a  luiiil  !lfe,  bud  ufT  in  abuiulancc,  ot  a  ^tuw  and  [(dce- 
aWk  diCpolition,  Tilioic  breads  the  vety  idea  of  lioinaii  bloid  <hiii«-«l 
with  horror  J  cotiKl  fiie  h;.vc  ccnuelved  that  Inch  as  iliele  were  cnpi- 
ble  of  aboiniotiin^;  thc'w  \\oiittd  dweUingt,  rubniUtinf;  t«  (evere  Uih> 
ordiiiation,i{eri>ifiiig  hunger, the  inclemency  of  the  weatherifuppcrtir.^ 
long  ar.d  phiutul  U4rche«i'{;ivinj^  anc)  receiving  death  wirh  iiurcpidlty,, 
and  All  a|;;iiuft  a  nation  id  tcniblc  tothtm  by  her  ancient  fanie  ai.d 
late  Ajccfiiss  '  Could  ite  ha.c  believed  than  tbry  would  attempt  arf 
thing  apaanll  her,  whtn,  deltitutcof  experienced  commanKleri,  and 
unprovided  nith  arnuur  aiiuuuoition,  they  found  thcmlelvcs  oblijr^ed 
to  cu'pofc  a  warlike  enemy,  long  pra^Hled  in  battlcii,  and  abunchuulf 
fupplyed  with  every  tiling  that  could  enfure  fucccft  ?— — Knnlaiid,  no 
doubc,  actuated  by  an  ''^mbitieu'i  policy,  was  thoroughly  pcnuadcd  ut 
firft  tiat  A  [m*Vi  number  ot  her  trocps  would  {uificc  to  ti^ht  and  !ul:> 
duc  the  Amcricius :  rijid  it  the'';  troopa,  with  the  itnmeiife  hoite  thiit 
fucefdcd  tliem,  fniiedin  their  mdeavouri  and  were  toiujuctcd,  Inill 
be  bold  U>  Uy  ii  is  a  phentiuenon  in  the  political  wurki  that  no  eni« 
pireor  kingdom  b?'J  Aon  the  !ikeln  paft  uges,  and  ptrhapa  nothirg 
like  it  will  cvir  happen  a^-'.in.  • 

V/e  it»  Frauce,  were  rot  at  all  furpnrcJ  to  fccth*  new  rr.ifcd  Ame- 
rican lejions  fo  often  ftying  before  Uie  enemy,  difpcr/ing  theniltlvea 
in  the  woods,  or  vanihiinga:  the  approach  of  the  foe  -,  but  we  wrr« 
thund .rrtiuclc  when  we  beheld  the rn  reuniting,  iiiowiiig  themlelven 
oncemoie  in  f)rcc,  and  ahvaya  uipporfing  hunger,  wounds,  and 
other  evih  incident  to  the  war,  with  pativ-iice  and  couiage'.  Th« 
more  the  haug,hty  Knglifh  had  rtudied  and  oblervcd  tlie  genius,  tliC 
jnclinationt  and  theiclburcci  of  the  c-'lv  hills,  ih^  more  they  had  to 
encourage  ilitmfclvet  to  rely  upon  the  I'ucccfs  of  their  lirms.  Ynt 
jiever  were  the  plans  of  a  nation  more  coiiifiletely  fjuftratcd.  With 
regard  to  America,  their  wifcft  men  reafoned  like  children  :  the  ob- 
jedt  wa»  too  great  for  thc'r  ccnipieh  iifion,  and  ae  ihey  had  hittitit* 
only  viewed  the  Ameiicani>  in  the  calms  of  luraland  copinKrcial  IJie, 
they  forgot,  or  did  not  know,  or  wou.ld  not  recollc6t,that  native  roav- 
arUice  iiltlf,  for  v^hhthat  ihty  faileiy  upbraided  them,  can  be  ioukd 
into  h'-'joifin  at  the  profpcft  of  Jipproaching  ruin* --and  tints  their 
folly  and  aw^bition  hat  transferred  a  glorious  Ibvereignty  to  the  wtf- 
tern  world  w'ticli  will,  we  hope,  contjibute  largely  '.silts  etiVc^s  to 
the  happinefs  and  well  being  of  mankind  in  gentral,  but  pliilofcidiy 
lets  us  lee,  that  it  will  take  feveral  ages  to  complete  tlie  great  rt  volu- 
tion which  has  been  begun  in  our  day. 

You  have  hitherto  fecn  the  Americans  s<Sing  rather  from  ;  n  im« 
pvilfc  of  cool  rcalbn.  than  fentiment,  better  pleafed  with  rtlL-fting  than 
thmking,  and  tr.ken  .no  with  uieiol  rather  than  agreeable  things  j 
and  for  tbi&  rcafon,  le^;'(ation,  politics,  natural  and  mechanioil  phi- 

lolophy 

•  Wjiory  it  is  trut,  furnijhes  us  nuithft  njcral  examfki  of  pro  vliid-  tjhah" . 
ing  r^  the  jtke  of  a  ^rcat^  e?rpire,  avd  of  a  cc.Tpatati'vdj:^  i'icinfLii^rfiile 
mcr/ih.r  of  men  gaining 'viivii:  ever  large  nrfnins  }  but  fucb  rt'OoUuiuifJi' 
nuere  brought  about,  and  fuch  njic^ories  gainiti  I'j  Kvarlih.n(>tl^t\Syin  tkoj»y 
tmus  'ivhett  fvahur fcod  m  the placf  q(  nufiibers  and/kJl,  ''ij^j;\liUi-,«:f!e'jjf.Jt, 
tillnu'iv,  r-'ad  of  ri'n^  harraJJ'ed  ivith  internal fadkitSt  uf/frWi^ifd  S.ai.ii/f' 
th'-  m'ans,  and  ij^fiorunt  of  the  fcience  ef  ^varyi^alntnc  the  day  <<j4Jvahrayf\ 
tin4t^-->l  '^^fenedrtaiion,a.!jvii(t  iit  rtfdurWi  ttsduj'ai  i/ihrlr(»>L^^i! g,ftiioj 
m  »ti]^  in  tkt  worl4» 


h 

11' 


I 


lii*''  :'■'■ 


I 


I6 


NEW      TRAVELS 


<.¥ 


lofophy  may  make  cot^fiderable  progrefs,  among  themi  while  the  'finii 
arts  remain  unknown,  and  while  even  puetry,  which  ir\  all  other  na<- 
vom  has  preceded  the  fcieces,  forbears  to  railie  her  lofty  and  anima:« 
td  Itrains. 

'J'heir  towns,  their  villages,  their  places  of  abode  may  afford  eafet 
I^ealth  and  regulajity,  but  will  prelieat  nothipg  that  inteie(ts  and  re- 
frefties  the  imagi.^acion  ;  here  aie  no  trees  planted  through  the  couiiii 
try  in  ftraight  iineS)  or  bent  into  bowers  to  refre/h  the  tiaveller  with 
their  fhad-; :  here  are  no  gardens  contrived  with  ingenious  arrange- 
uients,  where  a  pleafant  I'ymmctry.and  i  happy  mixture  of  flowers  in- 
ebriate the  fcnfts,  and  enchant  the  foul ;  neither  have  they  any  the- 
atrical fliowsor  dances,  or  thofe  public  exhibitions  which  might  give 
\jsan  idea  of  their  felicity  and  cheerful  difpolition— 'and  yet  how  is  it 
that  jwiriotifm  could  unite  fuch  men,  asd  make  them  capable  of  fuch 
furprifing  efforts  ?.  It  w^s  undoubtedly  owing,  among  other  things  to 
the  impolt  upon  tea,  yirhich  by  depriving  thcrl  in  an  inftant  of  that 
article,  feverely  diltreffed  every  Individual  ;  it  may  alio  be  attributed, 
in  part  to  theintolerant  fpirit  of  Prefbytejiiniim,  which  has  for  fo  long 
a  time  bren  fowing  the  feeds  oi  o  ord  between  them  and  the  mother 
country  ;  and  to  the  too  limited  »tate  ot  their  commerce,  which  with 
the  preduftions  of  one  of  the  richeft  foils  in  the  wgrld,  •  has  fcarcely 
yet  lupjilied  them  with'  what  we  call  the  rood  common-  neceflaries  of 
life  ;  likewife  to  their  newi'papers,  which  circulating  through  all  parts,. 
fprerul  alarms  every  where-,  and  prcfented  the  iftOftdifmal  profpe<£lt, 
te  tlieir  view  :  but  this  critical  moment,  as  I  have  already  remarked^ 
was  rol  attended  with  a6ls  of  violence  ar;d  cruelty  ;  it  was,  on  th<r 
contrary,  comparatively,  a  feafon  of  calmnefs  and  refleiSlion  — — Thi| 
revolution,  the  immediate  period  of  which  is  advancing  with  hafty^ 
ijrides,  depiives  our  enemies  of  at  leaft  three  millions  ot  fubjeftj,  and; 
a  coawncrce  that  was  dally  adding  to  tlieir  ftrcngth  and  importance  ;i 
but  curs  Will  become  more  open,  liberal,  and  extcnfive  than  ever,  and 
■we  rnay  even  huild  fhips  in  America  at  a  much  cheaper  rate  than  we 
h.KVi  hitherto  purchaied  them  ih  tiie  nortli  of  Europe,  where  they  are 
alio  more  ciiihcrili  to  be  procured.  We  (hall  get  our  tobacco  at  an 
ca(y  barter,  and  not  throw  annually  an  immtnie  balance  of  ready  mo- 
ney into  the  hands  oi  a  riva!  nation,  to  purchafe  it  j  and  our  iflandsv 
will  always  have  a  demand  for  the  American  lumber  to  contain  their 
rum,  molafies  and  other  produitiom. .  ■ 

It  has  often  been  laid,  that  we  of  Fianqe  ought  to  be  upon  our  guard 
leilt  at  the  firlt  appearance  of  peace,  the  national  prejudices  of  the 
Americans  Ihould  incline  them  to  renew  their  old  connexions  with  the 
mother  cov.,  y,  forget  our  fervices, and  break  the  alliance  But  wt 
havf  little  realbn  to  apprehend  this,  when  we  confider  that  che  Fnglilh 
have  been  too  long  fliedding  blood  in  thefe  countries,  and  too  long 
plundering  the  inhabitants,  for  thcrn  to  think  of  regaining  their  real 
friendlhip.ifery  eafily.  The  Englifliman,  who  will  lo»)g  confider  the 
Amejican  itt.tbc  light  of  a  flavc  efcaped  from  the  fangs  of  his  nation, 
will  confei^benily  for  fome  time  aHe^t  an  air  of  fuperioriiy,  even  after 
a  peace  j -and  contempt,  wh'ch  is  more  difficult  to  be  got  over  by  »v,#w 
generous  fpirit;  than  open  hat.-ed,  will  not  eailly  be  forgiven  by  th« 
much  iHJjii'ed' American. 

The  Congrefs,  whofe  rcfolves  have  always  been  dictated  by  wifdom 
and  equity,  an4  whofe  «lecifions  jiave  never  been  blamed  by  any,  willf 
moii  iuiclya  tarniUt  tkeir  houft^  aod  glory  by  n  timt  of  ficiellfy  ta 


THROUGH     AM  E  R  I  C  a; 


Si 


]ard 
the 
the 
wt 

rlifh 

long 

jreal 
the 

lion,  - 

Ifter 
>y  *".# 
Ithr' 

lorn 
rill 
to. 


their  firft  ally  j  they  will  not  ere^  a  monument  to  infamy,  up- 
on whicW  the  whole  world,  and  all  future  age$  would  read 

France  JtrJ}  acknowUJgtd  the  hidcpttidence  of  America,  and  made  the fifjl 
treaty  of  all\ance  'with  her,  fuppUed  her  iviih  ammunition,  affifed  her  ivitb 
Jker  treafur*t,' and  ihj ended  her  'with  her  flttts  and  armiei  :  America  un' 
gratefully  violated  her  oaths,  and  burji  ainnder  the  tiet  ofJriendJlHp,asfoon 
as  Jbe  could  ao  it  ^without  danger  to  her/elf. 

'  AUho'  (he  ftwuld  becapable,  during  the  prefent  war,  of  abftrafting 
licr  quarrel  from  ours,  and  making  a  peace  before  us,  ftill  what  wouid 
lie  the  refuit  ?  her  power  •wo\)ld  no  Ibnger  be  incorporated  with  that 
of  Great-Britain,  and  foour  great  ohjeft  would  be  nevfihclefs  accom- 
]|)ili(hed.  '  Peace  in  America  w'ouid  likewife  fave  us  the  keeping  on  foot 
sin  expehfive  army  in  thii* country,  the  loan  of  inunenfe  fuins.^nd  iip- 
plying  them  v<rith  large  quantities  of  warlike  (lores  for  their  own  troops. 
'  If  we  miitt  extend 'our  vieWs  into  futurity,  it  is  more  ratir.i.al  to 
lipprehend  that  the  vaft  confumption  of  rum,  fugar  and  cofFse  among 
the  Americans,  will  incline  them  at  one  time  or  another  to  mike  at- 
tempts lipon  our  iflands  that  they  may  have  fuch  articles  at  a  che:?per 
fate  ;  but  can  the  produce  of  thefe,  how  immenfe  foevsr  yo*i  may 
fuppofi:  it,  be  once  put  in  competition  *\iith  the  lives  o*"  thofe  men, 
ilphich  thefe  ^ettrudtive  calamaties  deprive  us  of  every  year  and  wuuld 
^epriv'e  thfem  of  in  likfe  manner}  or  with  that  corruption  of  morals 
which  is  conftantly  ebbing  back  from  thence  into  Eiisope? 
*:  The  profperity  of  Itates  and  empires  depends  only  upon  manners 

afrtd  population,  and  to  thefe  every  thing  cHe  muft  be  facrifictd O 

Ameritins,  What  calatiiities  vi\\\  attend  you  if  the  allurements  of  luch 
a  conquelt  fhall  one  day  feduce  you  to  «nite  with  Britain,  and  arm 
t^ainit  us :  the  vice  and  wickednefs  '^hich  would  flow  from  thence 
ihto  the  bofotn  of  your  country,  and  which  would. mol*  fatally  fufpend 
the  prOgrcifs  of  yoUr  populatiun,  wou'd  alfo  avenge  ut  amoly  for  your 
tfold  attempti.— ^— But  I  will  not,  I  cannot  indulge  th?  irisa. — Occu- 
jiicd  wholjy  in  the  rural  employments  of  multiplying  you;  fl  )cks,  ex- 
tending ttie  bounds  of  your  farms,  and  intiproving  the  w-iUI  face  of 
yx>ur  ntti^e  region,  you  will  not  go  ann^.d  wirh  fire  and  fword  to  ra- 
v>gi*'*nd  conquer  regions  that  rife  in  tl»e  ir.idll  of  the  feas,  beneath 
the  flckly  fervors  of  a  torrid  lky.~— ^Thofe  happy  plains  which  ycvi 
inhabit,  and  which  furroirtid  you  on  every  fide,  exrend  evtr.  be\ond 
y^our  fondeft  wiflies,  and  r.fk  not  a  wafte  of  blood,  but  the  hund  of  'n- 
dultry,  to  open  artd  difclole  their  inexhauttihlt  treiturts  The  nature 
of  the  climate  may  peihaps  refuCe  thefe  productions  which  European 
luxury  has  taught  you  to  efleem  the  real  neccif^r-es  of  l:f-,  bur  your 
woods,  youf'gratns,  youf  fi(heric»,  and  your  numerous  flocks  will  al- 
ways be  fufficicnt  to  procure  you  th''fs. 

"Their  manners  and  climatr  wiM  not  only  far  a  long  time  incl'ne  the 
Americans  to  peace,  but  their  political  fituation  will  prnh.ihly  fiilt  in- 
creaffe  thrs  rational  propenfity  ;  they  are  not  furrounded  by  rtifitA*, 
wnbiciou^  nations,  whfj'will  obiidge  them  to  be  incffTintly  •irmed  to 

«lrd  againA  their  defigns  ;  altho'  confuting  of  dittiiift  bodi-;"!,   they 
I  never  be  expofed  to  thofe  frequent  a'/ercanons  among  themOlves 
9v^ich  vex  the  republics  of  Europe  <  their  rtlpeii^ive  ng  ts  arc  to«> 
dearly  eitabiifhed,  toog^neralty  received,  and  too  intimjitf-ly  conneft- 
cd  no?  to  tend  conllantly  tothe  deltruftion  of  the  oppreiibr. 

Ntct;^tj,ftar  and  i^noranre  hav«  given  birth  to  m:'n>  wa.like  natS- 
tn^  ai^tt  fivroj^t  would  never  have  been  engaged  fe  coultanily  in  Vi-Kn^ 


J* 

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NEW      TRAVELS 


hail  ftic  not  been  originally  peopled  by  barbarians,  fugitivrt,  (onigntrta 
a.Kl  fuch  iS  poflciTtd  different  inannersj  and  were  violently  oppofed  to 
each,  other,  both  by  prtjudice  and  intereil  j  and  if  flie  is  Itill  in  this 
wulnppy  ficuaiiun,  it  is  only  the  coniequence  of  thofe  milerable  ages 
of»laiknel&  and  ignorance.  The  iinmenfe  variety  of  dififirent  forms 
of  woi  (hips  will  probably  operate  as  the  firlt  caufe  of  future  diifentions 
in  America  j  altho'  it  is  to  this  very  circumllancc  they  own  their  ra- 
pid increale  of  power,  and  which  will  Itill  contribute  to  their  aggran- 
difement :  but  to  kuppf>fc  that  tolera»iort  can  be  prejudicial  to  the  prof- 
pei  ity  ot  dates,  is,  whatever  you  may  think  oi  It,  very  far  from  the 
received  opinion  of  our  time.  \ 

A  s  long  as  men  live  at  a  diftance  from  each  other>  toleration  cannot 
be  atten<led  with  any  ill  confeqnenccs,becaufe  in  fuch  a  detached  Itate 
thfv  are  Icfg  liable  to  claih  in  their  opinions,  and  confequenily  lefs  fuk- 
jeft  to  divifions.  But  when  a  coun.ry  becoines  better  peopled,  when 
families  fettle  neartr  together,  and  the  communication  among  thena 
is  enlarged,  the  cla(l\  of  opioions  becomes  more  frequent,  violent  and 
dsng-^rous  ;  and  then  is  the  time  for  religious  factions  to  fpring  up. 
Two  floui  ifliing  rtates,  England  and  Holland,  fubfift,  neverthcltfs,  to' 
this  day,  although  they  tolerate  a  multitude  of  feits.  The  firft,  whol- 
ly t/'ken  up  in  commercial  fpeculations,  permits  all  its  members  to 
itmain  in  ignorance  and  indii^rence,  except  in  what  relates  to  gain. 
On  rij<^  other  hand,  the  necelfity  of  an  intercourfe  with  all  nations, 
lendc^rs  the  Hollander  inattentive  to  the  difputes  of  his  fcdlaries,  ef- 
pecially  when  he  confideis,  that  the  power  of  his  country,  at  belt 
precarious,  would  fuon  crumble  to  pieces  without  their  fupport. 
The  fame  caufcs  operate  upon  the  Englifh  nation,  but  not  lb  power- 
fully, becs\ifothry  are  not  fo  generally  commercial  j  and  becaufe  the 
people,  bfiiig  of  a  Iffs  laboiious  turn,  and  lefs  generally  fpeculative 
than  theDutch,  pofTcfs  in  n  greatrr  degree  the  powers  of  leafoning  and 
rcfleiling,  and  are  more  tj.Ken  up  wiih'tlieir  do^irinal  opinions:  fo 
thir  all  the  feds  in  England  are  fo  many  rivals  and  enemies  to  each 
other  and  their  cburch^;i  perpetually  rcCound  with  the  moft,  illiberal 
011(1  o.nrageous  dillertitions  and  difcouifes.  This  hatred  of  Citch  o- 
the.',  wotilJ  often  be  attended  with  fatal  eftefts,  were  it  not  for  th« 
venerable  majelty  ol  the  Catholic  faith,  which  is  a  perpetual  terrorto 
thiir  imaginations,  and  againft  which,  as  »  common  enemy,  they  all 
Unite,  as  well  as  againfi:  the  Micnacing  power  of  France,  which  has  ai» 
jTioll  always  kept  them  and  their  nation  fufficiently  employed. 

Hut  Atneric.*,  who  will  be  always  more  at  peace  abroad,  and    will 
s?'ever  be  indebted  for  Ifcr  greatnefsand  power  to   external  and  mo- 
rncntaiy  cauff-'S,  and  who  will  one  day  include,  in   her  various  fertile 
countries,  v  ill  numbers  of-rrcb,  independent,  reafoi.ing,  caviling  ci- 
tizens, will  h  ive  more  to  fear  from  the  difterence  of  religious  opini- 
ons.    Even  no^v,  or  very  lately,   the  writings  and  fermons   of  their 
minillcrs,  were  as  much  calculated  to  attack  and  ridicule  their  rivals, 
as  to  edify  their  he  Iters  ;  and  Philadelphia,  the  center  of   tolerancy, 
has  Teen  iis   {c(5taiies  Jupporting   their  religious  privileges  by  bloiML 
arid  violence.     Di'f. rent  times  and  circumltances  may  tender  (\mw 
feuds  ot  the  utmolt  ill  conlctjuence. 

1  he  more  the  various  religions  of  mankind  are   enlightened,  of-^ 
more  intoUerant  i'pirir  they  commonly  are.     Paganifm,    without   any 
cnherer. cy  or  (ixeJ  piinciples,  adiritted  and  tolerated  everjr  mode  of 
vfoiihioj  >./^.>w,iujieiaucnaiaiim)CUer  conaefted,  rejefted  aU.| 


I 


THR  OOOH      AMERICA." 


63 


brergnertj 

)ppofed  to 
ill  in  this 
rable  ages 
cnt  forms 
liflentions 
I  their  ra* 
ir  aggian- 
)  the  pi'of- 
from  the 

311  cannot 
ched  Itate 
y  lefs  full- 
ed, whea 
ong  them 
olent  and 
pring  up. 
thelcfs,  to' 
'ft,  whol- 
rabers  to 
i  to  gain. 
1  nations, 
Varies,  ti- 
,  at  beft 
fupport. 
3  power- 
:caufe  the 
jeculative 
>ning  and 
ions  :  fo 
s  to  each 

illiberal 
f  each  o- 
Jt  for  th« 
terror  to 

they  ali 
;h  has  al- 

ind  will 
ind  mo- 
IS  fertile 
'iling  ci- 
Lis  opinio 
of  their 
ir  rivals* 
lerancy, 
y  blom 
lier  fiV 

d,  of-^ 
out  any 
mode  of 
Sled  ali  I 


Mahometifm  would  never  have  been  known  in  the  world,  or  grown  to 
what  it  is,  had  not  iis  author  exprefsiy  forbid  toleration  ;  and  ths 
^i&rjtf/a«  iworA/ has  always  difcountenanccd  it,  except  only  fuch  feds 
as  were  unfcttled.  and  wavering  in  their  doilrinal  opinions.  PiJlo- 
fophy,  whofe  bufiucfs  it  is  to  unite  men,  and  moderate  their  pail.ons, 
has  certainly  inclined  them  in  time  palt  to  civil  toleration,  bur  af-  , 
piring  to  examine  into,  and  judge  ot  every  thing,  it  at  iirlt  necelTiriiy 
occafioned  fpcculative,  and  afterwards  political,  intolcrancy  ;  becaulq 
the  laws  cannot  be  long  indifferent  io  thofe  matters,  in  which  the 
pafllons  of  naen  are  particularly  interefted. 

The  happicft  governmeat,  and  which  promifes  the  moft  lading 
profperity,  is  that  which  conneds  all  themetitbers  of  a  fociety  in  the 
fame  faith,  and  the  famt;  form  of  worlhip.  True  policy  ought,  then, 
coiiftantly  to  endeavour  to  recall  mankind  to  a  unity  of  faith  ;  but  a 
dcfire  of  attrafting  foreigners,  and  the  fpeedy  peopling  of  a  country, 
has  tempted  fevcral  ftates  to  tranfgrefs  this  principle,  by  opening  an 
afylura  to  all  religions  without  exception.  Now,  it  it  can  be  demon- 
ftrated,  that  a  well  circuniftanced  nation,  where  they  all  pjofefs  onq 
faith,  doubles  its  number  of  inhabitants  every  twenty  years,  w-^uld 
it  not  be  more  honorable  to  live  m  religious  harmony,  with  fuch  a  d<;- 
gree  of  population,  than  to  be  forever  quaielling  about  creeds  and  te- 
nets, and  torn  by  religious  divifions  ?  this  would  be  ferving  the  pre- 
fent  age  and  polterity  both  at  once. 

People,  whom  edifts  of  toleration  invite  into  a  country,  thereby 
undoubtedly  acquire  thofe  rights  and  privileges!,  which  the  legilla- 
tive  aathority  cannot  intringc  without  injuftice.  Lo jis  the  fourteeiuh, 
by  revoking  the  edift  of  Nantes,  deltroyed  at  once  in  Jjis  kingdom, 
the  principle  of  inteftme  divifions,  and  this  perhaps  (as  fome  have  laid) 
might  have  been  good  policy,  but  not  the  moft  juft  ;  becatife  con- 
trails made  with  Heretics,  ate  not  at  all  the  lefs  facred  for  that. 

The  ruler  of  a  country  ougiit  to  confider  himfelf  as  the  father  of 
his  fubjefts  alfo ;  out  of  a  principle  of  tendernefs,  he  fliould  con- 
ftantly  aim  toftrengthen  the  bands  which  conneft  his  numerous  fa- 
roily  i  and  can  there  be  a  more  powerful  one  than  a  re- 
ligion which  infpires  the  Kime  fentimeats,  preTcrioes  the  ftme 
duties,  and  promifes  tha  fame  rewards  ?  Kow  many  tni!- 
lions  live  and  die  enemies  ■  )  each  other,  merely  on  account 
of  diverfity  of  opinion  in  rdtgioiis  matters  !  hut  the  man  who 
feels  the  influence  of  irue  vir'  le  ind  cathoJicifm,  who  keep«  pterni-- 
ty  conftantly  m  view,  and  pant?  for  a  more  intimate  union  with  th;? 
pure  fpirit  of  the  Divinit".  j.crceives  his  alFcclions  expanding,  r.nd  his 
heart  glowing  with  rapt  ic,  when  he  can  entertain  rational  hopes  of 
enjoying  the  future  friendfhip  of  his  fellow  men  on  the  other  fu'e  of 
the  grave,  in  the  regions  beyond  this  tranfitory  ftatc  of  being. 

One  of  the  moft  atfcfting  k.ntz,  and^which  will  do  the  moft  hr*- 
nour  to  the  world,  will  br;  when  all  mtions  fliall  unite  in  erecting  fie 
fame  temples  for  the  fei  vice  ot  the  Deity,  and  tuning  the  fame  an- 
thems '•o  his  praife  ;  and  philofophy,  which  pretends  to  render  man, 
kind  happier  and  better,  ought  to  dirca  all  her  views  and  ciiortr>'^  Mijj 
great  end  :  But  can  ftic  flatter  herfelt  with  paving  the  way  to  ji»ch  ^ 
revolution  in  fentiment,  while  (lie  employs-  herftU  f  lely  to  overtu^^ 
and  deftroy  all  religions  whatever? — ^-Bi^fore  (he  enterpnzed  j-^ 
boldly,  fhe  fliould  have  offeicd  the  world  a  fyllern  of  faith  built  \s\^^^^ 


m 


txi 


I 

m. 

i 


y 


■'H 


84 


NEW      TRAVELS 


'^-^ 


better  foundsittons,  compri/ine;  a  greater  number  of  moral  trutlit« 
and  which  wouhi  have  pointed  out  more  diftin^ly  the  extent  and  ,li« 
mitsoi  human  tea  Ion,  than  that  already  received;  that  (boyld  havi 
more  inclined  t'le  hum:<n  race  to  the  love  of  virtue  and  the  dread  of 
vice;  vi^hich  would  have  been  better  luited  to  all  times  and  all  placet* 
to  all  conditions,  and  all   tempers. 

By  adting  ui  a  ditfcrent  manner^  flie  refembles  a  law  giveff  whodif. 
liking  the  lavis  of  the  nation  over  which  he.prefidesj  fliould  aboliih 
them  without  ctFering  another,  and  a  better  fyttem  ofjegidation  in  . 
their  (lead  ;  or  a  phyfician,  who  ihould  forbid  his  patients  t.he  ufeof 
food,  which  perhaps  might  not  bcaiioeether  falutary.  without  ones 
intimating  what  fliould  be  fubftitutedoia  lef8no;t,iQU5  quality.   ,         ^ 

Philofophy  Omuid  confine  btr  endeavours  to  the  ftudy  and  exami« 
ration  of  the  pretences  tl»at  every  religioii  makes  to  be  thought 
the  true  one,  to  mark  what  they  have  rnoft  perft^  or  moft  defeftjve 
in  their  ufagea  and  forms, their  difciplineand  their  do£)rines ;  to  keep 
aloof  from  thofe  rafh  difputes  and  controveifies,  which  render  mei\ 
iief'lier  better  nor  wjfer,  and  to  fhew  the  world,  that  mild  pertuaficii 
xnd  good  example,  will  reclaim  mankind  much  fooner  to  the  fide  of 
tiuth  and  virtue,  than  an  imperiolusjinfolent  modeofconvi{iion,whictv 
can  only  irritate. 

Perhaps  this  deitrudtive  aiid  ambitious  philofophy  of  oiur  (}ay  wil^ 
be  fucceeJed  forae  time  or  another  by  one  of  a  more  moderate  ana  con-> 
<;iliating  temper.  At  this  moment  new  empires  are  burfting  into  ex- 
igence, and  mankind  will  unavoidably  begin,  to  perceive  t,he  necefiity 
ofcxercifing  their  reafon  to  a  better  pprpofe  than  heretofore  j  more 
connected  by  commerce,  they  will  recc^ive,  and  communicate  know* 
ledge  with  greater  facility  than  ever  j  the  genius  and  talents  of  qntt 
individual  man,  ^nd  the  fpirit  of  party  divifjons  will  no  longer  have;, 
the  fame  influence  as  formerly  ;  the  ibameful  errors  of  fanatics,  and 
the  contradled  notions  of  bigots  and  devotees  will  now  vanifh,  anoT 
though  they  fliould  revive  under  a  thoufand  different  forms,  this  new^ 
and  rational  philofophy  will,  nbtwithftandJDg,  at  laft  •'ecall  all  th^^ 
nations  of  the  world  to  a  unity  of  fentiment  and  woi  (hip  :  perhaps 
the  hope  of  fuch  an  event  may  be  vain,  but  the  Idea  is  certainly  fiat" 
tenug  and  comfortable  to  the  humaa  mind.  ,  '' 


,<^* 


lat^i:' 


am,  kc. 


^ 


II    B 


END. 


3 

T 
t 

I 
I 


APPENDIX 


^  \ 


.,  V 


CONTAININO 

I.  Gentfttl  WaJhingUiCt  Letter  to  Count  de  Grajpt, 

II.  to^d  Corn'waUti's  letter  to  Sir  Henry  Clinton, 

III.  CbaraSer  of  His  Excellency  Jobn  Adams  t  Efquire, 

I*  .■'''■  '      < 


L 


i*- 


'■ '  "■" ■ " ••  J 


I.  Copy  of  a  Litter  from  General  fTaJbingt on  to  Count  de  Grajet 


hti' 


Williamjburgb  September  a6,  1781, 


SIR, 


I  AM  unable  to  defcribe  to  your  Excellency,  the  painful  anxiety 
under  which  I  have  labotired/iliice'rhe  reception  of  the  letter  you 
4id  me  the  l^onour  to  write  me  of  the  x^d  inftant.  The  motions  of  the 
naval  force  under  your  command,  which  your  Excellency    fays  may 
poifible  ]iapp<tn,  (ince  t;he  information  communicated  to  you   by  tlie 
Baron  de  Clozen;. obliged  me  u>  point  out  the  confequences  that  may 
follow  ;,  and  warmly  to  urge  a  perfevcrance  in  the  plan  agreed  upon 
between  us.,    Permit  piej,  in  the  firft  place*  to  repeat  to  your  Excel- 
lency, that  the  attempt  Ut>on  York,  under  the  protection  of  your  (hip- 
ping, ia  at.certaia  oC  fuccefs  as  a  fup^rior  force  and    a  fuperiority  of 
yieafures  can  repder  any  military  operation  ;  that  the  duration  of  the 
^ege  may  be,exa£lly  afcertaincd  5  jind  that  the  capture  of  the  Biiiiffv 
army  Is  a  matter  fo  im{>ortant  in  itfelf^  and  in  it&  confequences,  that 
it  muft  greatly  tenii, to  bring  an  end  to  the  war,  and   put  our  allied 
arr;:i  in  Certaia  pofredioniof  the  moll  ineitimahle  advantages. 
.,  If  your  Excellency  quits  the  Bay,  an  accefs  is  open  to  telieve  York*, 
of  which  the  enemy  will  inftantly  avail  themfeives.     The  confequen- 
ces of  this  will  be  not  only  the  difgrace  of  abandoning  a  defign  on 
iP'hich  arc  founded  the  faireft  hopes  of  the  allied  forces,   atter  a  pro- 
digous  e;:pence,fatigae  and  exertions  5  but  the  probable  difljandtngof 
the  whole  army  {  for  the  prelent  feat  of  war  being  I'uch,  as  abfolute^ 
ly  precludes  the  ufeof  waggons,  from  the  great  number  of  large  li- 
vers which  interfe^  the  country,  there  will  be  a  total  want  of  proviii- 
(U)8,  unleft  this  inconvenience  is  remedied  by  water  carriage.     Thi* 
province  has  been  fo  cxhauited  by  the  ravages  of  the  enemy,  and  by 
the  (upport  already  given  to  our  forces,  that  fubfiftence  mult  be  drawn 
from  a  dil^ance,  ^nd  that  can  be  done  only  by  a  fleet  fuperior  in  the 
Bay. 

{.(jarneftly  beg  your  Excellency  would  confider,  that  if,  by  mo'ing 
your  fleet  from  the  fituation  agreed  on,  we  lole  the  prefent  oppcrtu- 
nity,we  ftiillnevei  hereafter  hav.e  it  in  onr  power  toftiike  fb  decifivea 
ftroke,  tbat  the  Britifli  will  labour  without  intermiflion  to  fortify  a 
place  fo*ufeful  to  their  Ihipping;  and  'hat  then  the  period  of  an  hu*; 
I^UI'i^le  peace  will  be  f^fthcr  dlHaat  than  ever.  Ihe   , 

i\  •„•,   ■'.;■.-.         >  .  ..        ;  •  V'^V-     -  '  - 


I 


I 


fS 


Washinotom,  to  de  Gxajjb: 


The  confidence  I  have  in  your  Excellency's  manly  fpirit  and  naval 
talents  leaves  me  no  doubt  that  the  confidetation  oJ  the  confequence^ 
that  mult  follow  your  iJeparture  from  the  i^ay  will  determine  you  to 
ufc  all  pofllble  means  f»r  the  good  at  the  common  caule.  From  the 
aflaranc(fi  of  the  moll  expert  lailors,  I  am  pefuadcd  that  your  Excel- 
lency may  take  fuch  a  politjon  in  the  Bay,  as  to  leave  nothing  to  be 
apprehended  from  an  attempt  qf  the  Englifli  fleet  ;  that  thi»  pofitioA 
will  at  the  fame  time  facilitate  the  operations  of  the  ftege,  fecure  the 
tranfportation  of  our  provifjons  by  water,  and  accelerate  our  approa- 
ches by  landing  our  heavy  artillery  and  warlike  neceffaries  in  York 
river  almolt  dole  to  our  trenches. 

The  force  faid  to  have  arrived  under  Admiral  Digby,  as  the  new* 
comes  from  the  Britifti  themfelves,  may  not  only  be  exaggerated,  but 
perhaps  abfoiutely  faUij  ;  but  fuppofing  it  to  be  tiue,  their  whole  force 
united  cannot  be  fuch  as  to  give  them  any  hopes  of  fuccefs  in  the  at- 
tacking your  fleet.  If  the  pofitiop  for  your  fhips  to  lie  at  an  anclior, 
which  we  agreed  upon,  has  fince  appeared  impra£licable,  there  is  Aill 
stiother  nieifure  may  be  adopted  ;  which>  though  much  inferior  as  to 
the  feciiiity  and  facility  it  will  give  to  our  land  ojierations,  may  ftill 
be  of  advantage  to  our  affairs.  The  meafure,  I  mean,  is  to  cruife  off 
the  Bay,  io  as  to  keep  the  Capes  always  in  fight,  and  to  prevent  any 
Englifh  vefTcls  ge'ting  in. 

Whatever  plan  you  may  adopt,  I  am  to  prefs  3  our  Excellency  to 

perfevere  in  the  f'^beme  fo  happily  concerted  between  us  j  but  if  yoti 

Ihould  find  infurmountable  obltacles  in  the  way,  let  me  ultimately  beg 

,    ©f  you  not  to  reliquiih  the  lalt  mentioned  alternative  of  preventing  alT 

vefTels  from  the  tneray  entering  the  Bay  of  Chefapeak. 

The  Britirti  Admiral  may  manoeuvre  his  fleet,  and  endeavour  to 
,  ,?^raw  you  from  rhe  main  objeft  we  have  in  view  j  But  I  can  never  be- 
lieve, that  he  will  ferioufly  wifli  to  bring  on  a  general  a6tion  with  a  fleet, 
whofe  force,  I  will  anfwer  it,  is  fuperior  to  the  mofl  exaggerated  ac- 
counts we  have  of  theirs.  Paifed  experience  has  taught  them  not  to 
jiii^ard  themieives  with  equal  numbers  }  and  has  drawn  from  them, 
though  unwillingly,  the  moft  refpef^ful  opinions  of  their  enemy. 

Permit  me  to  add,  that  the  aWitnce  of  your  fleet,  from  the  Bay,  may 
frijftrate  our  deiign  upon  the  garriibn  at  York.  For  in  the  prefent  fitu^ 
aiion  of  matters,  Lord  Cornwallis  might  evacuate  the  place  with  the 
lofs  of  his  artillery,  b:iggage,  and  a  few  men,  facrifices  ;  which  >*ould 
be  highly  jultifiable  from  the  defire  of  favingthe  body  of  the  army.  ^ 

The  Maiquis  de  la  Fayette,  who  does  me  the  honor  to  carry  this 
letter  to  your  Excellency,  will  explain  to  you  better  than  any  other 
perfon,  or  than  I  can  do  by  letter,  many  particulars  of  our  prefent  po- 
tlfion.  Tour  Excellency  is  acquainted  with  his  ca.'i'^car  and  talents 
vKhi  J  ent'  .s  him  to  your  confidence.  I  have  ordered  bim  not'  to 
pafs  lie  Caoe  for  fear  of  accident,  in  cafe  you  Ihould  be  at  fea.  If 
ifeit  be  Io,  he  will  in,.'  •  ethis  difpatrh  in  a  letter  from  himfelf. 
'.  . ,      .  /  bav*  the  honour  to  be,    &c. 

G.      WASHINGTON.    * 


H. 


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I 

CoRNWALLIS,    TO  CllNTON. 


«7 


n.    Copy  of  a  Litter  from  lieutenant  Genrral  Earl  C&rn^.vaUij,  to  iir 

Hn/tty  Clinton, 


S  I  R, 


Tork-Tonvn  in  Virginia,  .Oilolfr  ao,  i7?r. 


IUAVEthe  mortification  to  inform  your  Evfcellency,  that  I 
have  been  forced  to  give  up  the  pofts  of  York  and  Glouceller,  and 
to  furrender  the  troops  under  my  command,  by  Capitulation  op.  the 
X9th  inttaut,  as  priloners  of  war  to  the  combined  foi  ces  of  America  and 
France. 

I  never  faw  this  pod  in  a  very  favourable  liglit  j  bnt  when  I  found 
I  was  to  be  attacked  in  it  in  fo  unprepared  a  ftafe,  by  fo  powerful  an 
army  and  artillery,^  nothing  but  the  hopes  of  relief  would  have  indu- 
ced ine  to  attempt  its  defence  j  for  I  would  either  have  endeavouied 
to  efcape  to  New-York,  by  rapid  marches  from  the  Gloiicefter  fide, 
immediately  on  the  arrival  of  General  Walhington's  troops  at  Willi- 
amfljurg,  or  I  would,  notwithftanding  the  difparity  «f  numbers,  have 
attacked  them  in  the  open  field,  where  it  ■aight  have  been  juftpufii-^ 
ble  that  fortune  would  have  favoured  the  gallantry  of  the  ljand<u]  of 
troops  under  my  command  :  but  being  allured  by  your  Excellency's 
letter,  that  every  poflible  means  would  be  tried  by  the  navy  and  army 
tj^  to  relieve  us,  I  couldnot  think  myfelf  at  liberty  to  venture  on  either 
of  thofc  defperate  attempts  :  therefore  after  remaining  two  days  in  a 
.  itrong  pofition  in  front  of  this  place,  in  hopes  of  being  attacked,  upon 
©bferving  that  the  enemy  were  taking  meafUres  which  could  not  fail 
of  turning  my  left  flank  in  a  (hort  time  ;  and  receiving,  on  the  fecond 
evening,  your  letter  of  the  a+th  of  September, informijig  n)e,  that  the 
felief  would  fail  about  the  5th  of  06tob«r,I  withdrew  wiiiiin  the  works 
on  the  night  of  the  29th  of  September,  hoping,  by  the  labour  and  firm- 
„    griefs  of  the  foldiers,  to  protraft  the  defence  until  you  could  arrive. 

Every  thing  was  to  be  expeded  from  the  fpirit  of  the  troops,  but 
every  difadvantage  attended  their  labour,  as  the  works  v^ere  to  be  con- 
tinued under  the  enemy's  Ire,  and  our  ftock  of  intrenching  tools, which 
did  not  much  exceed  4.00  when  we  began  to  work  in  the  latter  end  of 
Auguft,  was  now  much  diminifhed. 

The  enemy  broke  ground  on  the  night  of  the  30th,  and  conftnift- 
ed,  on  that  night  and  the  two  following  da_)  1  f  nd  nights, two  redoubts,' 
which,  with  fome  works  that  had  belonged  to  our  outward  pofiiion, 
occupied  a  gorge  between  two  creeks  or  ravines,  which  come  from  the 
river  on  each  fide  of  the  town.    On  the  night  of  the  6th  of  Cdtober, 
they    made    their  firft  parallel,   extending    from  its  right  on  the  riycr 
to  a  Jeep  ravine  on  the  left,  nearly  oppofite  to  the  centre  of  theplai'.*," 
and  etnbraci'ig  our  whole  left,  at  the  dillance  of  fin  hundred  yards* 
Having  pL'fftfted  this  parallel,  their  batteries  opened  on  the  evening 
of  the  9th  againft  our  left  \  and  other  batteries  fired  at  the  fjme  time 
againrt  a  redoubt  advat^^ced  over  the  creek  upon  ourrigiitami  dtiend- 
«d  by  about  120  men  of  the  13d  regiment  and  Biarinrs.wlioinriiofainccl 
that  paft  wiih  ancommon  gallantry.  The  fire  contir.ued  incelfant  lrorr\ 
heavv  cannpn,  an<J  from  mortars  and  howitzers  throwing  <ij4;i]«  frori; 
iSx  to  fixteen  inches,  until  all  our  guns  on  the  left  were  fitenced,  our 
iworks  much  damaged,   and  our  lofs  of  man  coifiderable      On  the 
night  of  i\\i  nth  they  began  their  fecond  parallel,  about  three  lun- 
dred  yards  uearer  to  uit    The  troops  bciag  much  wcrtkelied  by  fick- 


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98 


CORNWALLII,  TO  ClINTOW. 


ili 


^'' 


yefs,  at  well  tt  by  the  lire  of  the  befiegcrs,  and  obferving  that  the  eAt- 
iny  tiad  not  only  Tecuted  their  Aank,  but  proceeded  in  every  telprft 
with  the  utmult  regularity  and  caution,  1  could  not  venture  To  large 
forties  as  to  hope  from  them  any  conliderable  cfFe^  }  but  othRrwiie 
I  did  evf  ry  ihing  in  nty  power  to  interrupt  this  work,  by  opening  nc«r 
cntbrazures  tor  gi)ns,  and  keeping  up  a  conftant  fire  with  all  the  howi(. 
7ers  and  fnilali  mortars  ih'at'tve  cOuld  man.    Oh  th^  evening  of  the 
34th  they  aifdulted  and  canicid  two  redoubts  that  had  been  advanced 
mbout  three  hundred  yards,  for  the  pTirpofe  of  delaying  theh  appr«a- 
ches,  and  covering  our  iefi  flank,  and  during'the  night  included  them 
in  their  fecond  pari\llel,,  op  which  tbev  continued  to  work  with  thte 
utmott  exertion;    Iking  perfeflly  le^mile' that  our  woi^ks  could  not 
Aand  many  houra  after  the  opening  of  the  batteries  of  that  parallel, 
ive  not  only  cdncinued  a  conltant  fire  With  all  oifr  mortars,  and  everv 
gun  that  could  be  bro't  to  bear  Upoii  it ;  but,a  little  before  dav'brea]^» 
on  the  morning  of  the  i6th»I  ordered  a  fprtle.of  about  tht'ee  hnndred 
aind  fifty  men*  under  the  direction  of  Lreutenant-Colohel  Abercrom- 
by,  to  attack  two  batteries  which  appeafed'to  be  jii  the  greateft  for-* 
v>ardnefs,  and  to  fpike  the  guns.     A  detadhmsot  of  |iilrds,'with  the 
Soth  company  of  grenadiers,  under  tiit  -  ommand  of  Lieutenint-Colo- 
iiel  Lake  attacked  the  one ;  and  ohe  6f  ightinfantfjr^' under  the  com- 
inaad  of  Majtir  Armllrong,  attacked  the  othet }  ahd  both  Tucceeded,' 
by  forcing  the  redQjubts  that  covered  tbem,  fpikifig^Ieven  guns,  ani' 
killing  or  wounding  about  one  hundred  of  tfre  French  troops  who  had 
the  guard  of  that  part  of  the  trenches^  atid  with  little  lofkon  dnr'Udt, 
I'his  action,  though  extremely  honourable  to  the  officers  aitai  Ibldierii 
who  executed  it,  proved  of  little  public  advantage  ;  for  the  cannon  ha*' 
\ins;  been,  fplked  in  a  hurry,  were  foon  rendered  fit  for  fervice  agaiif, 
and  before  dark  the  whole  parallel  and  batteries  appeared  to  be  nearlf 
complete.     At  this  time  we  knew  that  there  was  no  part  of  rh^  whole 
f  iCiu  attacked,  in  which  we  could  (hew  a  Tingle  gan,  and  our  (heiti 
vere  nearly  expended.     I  had  therefore  only  to  choofe  between  pre-. 
jjaring  to  iurrerider  next  day,  or  esdeavouring  to  get  off  with  tbh 
grfatelt  part  ot  the  troops  ;  and  I  determined  to  attempt  the  latter, 
jeflecHng,  that  though  it  fltou.d  prove' unfuccefsful  iti  its  immediate 
object,  it  might  at  leaft  delay  th:  enetny  in  the  pro/ecutlon  of  furthet 
er,t.erprife)>.     Sixteen  lar;^?  boats  were  prepared,  and  upon  other  pre- 
text* were  ordcied  to  be  -  readinei's  to  recrive  troops  precifely  at  ted 
ci'clock  }  with  theCe  1  hoped  to  pafs  the  infantry  during  the  nigh:, 
abandoning  our  baggage  and  leaving  a  detachment  to  capitulate   for; 
the  town's  p-?ople  and  for  tlie  fick  and  wounded  :  on  which  fdbjeft  i 
letter  was  r'ady  to  be  delivered  to  General  Wafhington.     '^ftcrmak*: 
i.  g  my  arr.-'.ngemenrs  with  the  utmofl  fecrery,  the  light  infantry,  thj 
greatelt  part  of  the  guards,  and  part  of  the  a  3d  regiment,  erhbaiked  at' 
the  hour  aj^pointed,  .and  molt   of  them  landed  at  Glouceftcr  :  but  at 
thisciitical  moment,  the  weather,   from  being  moderate  and  calm^ 
changed  to  a  moft  violent  (lorm  of  wind  and  rain,  and  drove  alt  the' 
boats,  fome  of  which  had  troop*  on  boatd,  down  the    iver.    It  wai 
foun  evident  that  the  intended  p^iHage  was  impracticable,  and  that  th# 
abfence  of  the  boats  rendered  it  equally  impoflible  to  bring  back  the 
troojjs  which  had  pafTed,- which  I  ordered  iibout  two  o'clock  in  the 
morning,     in  this  fituatioh,  with  my  little* force  divided,  the  enemy"** 
batteries  opened  at  day  break.     The  paflage  between  this  place  and' 
Glouccfter  wai  much  expofed  j  but  the  boats  having  now  rcturnedi,; 


) 


■^^im^ 


'A:   i    VV 


CornVtallis,    to    Clinton^ 


$9 


early 


atter^ 

urthet 
r  pi  fi- 
at ted 

foti 

]C&  i  ; 

mak*: 
r,  th«: 
ud  at' 
}ut  at 
calm^'^ 
It  tb^ 
wai 
t  th# 
th« 
th« 
my'i* 
and 
iDed. 


iShty  were  ordered  to  bring  back  the  troops  which  had  paited  dt^ring 
the  night,  and  they  joined  us  in  the  forenoon,  without  much  lui't. 
piir  works  in  the  mean  time  were  going  to  ruin  ;  aid  not  havingi 
been  able  to  ttrengthen  them  by  abbatis,  nor  in  any  other  inanntsr 
than  by  a  (light  frai7.ing,  which  the  enemy's  artillery  were  demoililh- 
Ing  wherever  they  fired,  my  opinion  entirely  coincided  with  that  of 
the  engineer  and  principal  officers  of  thearmy,that  they  were  in  many 

}>arti  aifailable  in  the  forenoon,  and  that  by  the  continuance  of  the 
9me  fire, for  a  few  hours  longer,  they  would  be   in  fucb  a  itate  as  to 
render  it  defperate  with  our  numbers  to  attempt  t«  maintain  them.— 
We  at  that. time, could  not  fire  a  iingle  gun  j  only  one  eight  inch  mor- 
tar and    littl<}   more  than   on?  hundred  cohorn   fhells  remained  :  a 
diverf^on  qf  the  French  Ihips  of  war  that  lay  it  the  mouth  of  the  Norihi 
river  was  to  beexpefted  5  our  numbers  had  Ueen  diminif;ied  by  tht 
enemy's  fire,  but  particularly  by  ficknefs  :  and  the  Ihength  and  fpiriis 
of  thofe  in  the  works  were  much  exhaufted  by  f he  fatigue  ol  .onrtanC 
watching,  and  unremitting  duty.    Under  all  thefe  circumftances,   I 
thought  it  would  be  wanton  and  itthuman  to  thelalt  dc«ree,  to  f^cri- 
fice  the  lives  of  this  fmall  body  of  gallant  foldiers,  who  had  ever  be- 
bavcd  with  fo  much  fidelity  and  courage,  by  expofing  them  to  an  af-^, 
fault,  which,  from  the  numbers  ^nd  precautions  of  the  enemy,  coulii 
not  fail  to  facceed.    I  therefore  propofed  to  capitulate.    The  treat- 
ment in  general  that  we  have  received  from  the  enemy,  fince  our  {ur- 
render,  has  been  .perfectly  good  and  propej^ :  but  ihp  kindnef*  andat- 
t^ention  that  has  bceii  fhttv^n  to  us  by  the  Frtrich  ofBcers  in  particnlar, 
their  delicate  (enfibility  of  o»r  fituation,  their  generous  and  preffmg 
offers  of  noney,  both  public  and  private,,to  any  amount,  has  really 
irone  beyond  what  I  can  poAbly  d«fcribe,  and  will',  I  hope  make   an 
impreflion  on  the  breaft  of  ever^  Britilh  officer,  whenever  the  fortune 
of  «var  (houtd  put  any  of  tbem  lato  our  power. 
'  Althjough  the  event  has  been  fo  unfortunate,  ^he  patience  of  the 
foldiet's  in  bearing  the  greateft  fatigue9,and  thei|:  firmnefs  .:adintrepi- 
dity  uiidej-  a  perfevering  fire  of  fhot  and  (hells  that  I  believe  has  not 
often  been  exceeded,  deferves  the  highelt  commendation   and  praife. 

A  fuccefsful  defence  in  our  fituation  was  perhaps  impoffible,  for  the 
jfilace  could  only  be  reckoned  an  intrenched  camp,  fubjedl:  in  mofl 
places  to  enfilade,  and  the  ground  in  general  fo  difadvantagcous,  that 
nothing  but  the  neceffity  of  fortifying  it  as  a  polt  lo  protect  the  navy- 
Could  liave  induced  any  perfon  to  ereft  works  upon  it  5  our  force 
daily  diminifhed  by  ficknefai  and  other  lofTes,  and  w^s  reduced,  when 
we  offered  to  capitulate,  on  this  fide,  to  little  mote  than  ^,200  rack 
and  file  fit  forduty,  including  officers,  fervants,  and  artificers  ;  and 
at  Gloucerter  about  600,  intlndmg  cavalr-y.  The  enf  rny's  army  con- 
fifted  of  upwards  of  8000  French,  nearly  as  many  continentals,  and 
5000  militia.  They  brought  an  immenfc  train  cf  heavy  arti>lery,  moft 
amp'y  furnifhed  with  aminunition,  and  perfeftly  v^d]  manned. 

Lieutenant  Colonel  Abercromhy    m\)  have,,  the  honour  to  deliver 
this  difpatch,  and  i^  well  quallifieH  to  explain  'o  your  Excellency  every 
;pircicular  relating  to  our  f»&  anv"*  prefent  fituation. 
I  have  the  honour  to  be,  &c. 
(Signed)  CORNWALLI 

M 


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Character  of  His  ExcellbncV 

JOHN     ADAMS. 

Minifter  Plenipotentiary  from  the  Statbs  of  North -America; 
to  their  HiGu  Mi«htinb«sS8  the  States •  Gcneral  0£  thc 
TUnited  Provinces, 

MR.  ADAMsisdefcendedfromoneof  the  firfl:  familiei  whicl* 
founded  the  colony  of  the  Maflfachuletts  Bay   in  1630.      Ho 
,       spplied  himfelf  early  to  the  ftudy  «f  the  lawi  of  hit  country  j  anrl  >:c 
-.  fooner  entered  upon  f'p  praftice  thereof,  than  he  drew  the  attentive;, 
admiration,  and  e(i^       «f  hit  countrymen,  on  account  of  hW   r-.'^i- 

"  of  charafter.      Not   (atisfied   with   t.ate'y 

adividuals,  he  Toon  lignalizc !  himfelf  ia 

V,  and  mankind  at  large,  by  vri  ring  hih  ad^ 

a.-  Canon  and  Feudal  Laws  j  a   work  well 

worthy  the  atten  lonot  evei     man  who  is  an  enemy  to  ecclefiafticail 

and  civil  tyrann^  .     It  fliewcd  the  author  at  an  early  period  capabl^ 

of  fcconding  effitacioully  the  tormation  of  repulplics  on  the  princi- 


nent  abilities  and 
maintainini^  the  i 
the  defence  of  his  cc 
mirable  Differtation 


tarnilh  the  beft.  But  the  art»  of  the  governor,  which  had  fuccceded 
with  (o  many,  v^re  ineffectual  witk  Mr.  Adami,  who  openly  declared 
he  would  not  accept  a  favour,  however  flatteringly  offered,  which 
might  in  any  manner  conneil  him  with  the  enemy  of  the  rights  of 
Lis  country*  or  tend  to  embarrafi  him,  as  it  happened  with  too  many 
4thers,  iu  the  difcharge  of  Uis  duty  to  the  public*.  Seduction  t.  U8 
"     y  failing 

•  1*he  waimth,  which  Mr.    Ad-^mu  (hewed  in  th?  defence  of  th^ 
liberty  of  his  country,  did  hot  prevent  his  ailing  in  the  fervice  of  hiec 

•  enemies,  where  he  thought  they  were  treated  with  too  much  feventy. 
Called  upon  by  his  profeilional  duty  he  therefore  boldly  flood  forth  uc 

•^ht  advocate  of  Capt.  Prelton,  wh»  had  been  imprifaned,  as  the  mur- 

-  derer  of  the  citizens  of  Dolton.  His  client's  caufe  was  mod  unpopu- 
lar ;  the  whole  city  havmgbcen  kept  for  fon;e  time  in  aft^te"  of  irri- 
tation by  the  condufS  of  Governor  Hutchinfon  andthemilitaryPower; 
but  as  it  was  a  juft  one,  the  danger  of  incuning  the  difpfeafUie  of  liif. 

'  countrymen  did  not  deter  him  from  undertaking  it.  He  a^ud  thereiii 
with  adroitnefs  in  keeping  off  the  t.ial  until  the  pallion  of  the  People 
had  (ubruled.  When  it  came  on  j  \f'UH<^  jor  (ev^ial  days  together, 
during  which  he  difplaycd  the  mo(t  extanfive'tknowlege  of  the 
laws  of  his  country  and  of  Humanity  j  and  at  the  Ctwiciufion  had 
the  fat.  faai«n  of  proving  to  Great  Britain  httfelf,  that  rfir citizens 
of  the  Mafl'achufetts  Government,  although  provoked  to  do  Wong, 
,)^ould  ultimately  do  what  was  right.  Capt.  Prefton  was  acquitteU, 
and  Mr.  Adams  is  tt  thi*  day  univerfally  applauded  for  tli-e  finnnefs 

'  and  love  •f  jullice  he  manifelted  in  this  great  caufc,  which  for  its  ina- 
portance  with  refpe£t  to  the  times  in  which  it  was  agit3Ud,  and  the 
abmidance  of  legal  matter  u  brought  forth,  is  well  worthy  of  bcins' 
inftrtcd  in  the  state  Trials  of  Gicat  Britain,  ^ ' 


{I 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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PholDgraiiiic 

Sciences 

Carporalion 


4^ 


33  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WIUTiR,N.Y.  14S80 

(7l«)t72-4S03 


4^ 


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Character  of  his  Exczllency 


Si! 


n: 


hWuifr  of  iti  ends,  calumny,  menaces,  and  the  weight  of  power  wer« 
tnaile  ufe  of  aeainft  him.  They  loit  the  efftSk  propqfed,  but  had  that. 
wUl^h  tiie  (how  of  bafehefs  and  vfolence  ever  produce  on  a  mind  'tru> 
ly  Virtuous.  I'hcy  increai'ed  his  honelt  firmnefs,  becaufe  they  i)ianiw 
ftlfetl,  Thut'the  trtnes  r^qiuied  more  than  Crdlnary  exertions  of  man- 
iy^vls.  In  confcqucnce' of 'this' conduct,  Mr.^  Adams  olstsiined  the 
hlgl)c^^(t  honour  which  a  virtuous  man  can  receive  from  the  £|Ood  aQ|d 
ihe  bad.  He  was  honoiited  with  fh'e  difappiobation  of  thegovernof. 
Mho  refufed  hisndmil^on  into^the council  ot  the  province}  and  hel 
liict  v.'iih  ihe  applauCe  of  his  countrymen  in  general;  who  lent  hihii  M 
AlWA  at  the  Congrefs  in  1774,  in  which  he  was  raoft  active,  being 
<ine  of  the  principal  promtoters  of  the  famous  refolution  of  the4tb  of 
July,  when  the  colonies  declared  themielVes  free'  and  indepen*;. 

DKNT   srATF,5.  ■  <  ,      |    i    ■'    ••  '■  *     •  •  -f 

This  it ep  being  taken,  Mr.  Adams  few  the  inefficacy  of  nieeting  ■ 
the  Engl'ub  c&mmifiioners,  and  voted  againft  the  propoiition  ^  Con* 
grtfs,  however,  having  determined  to  purfue  this  meafure,  fent  bim, 
together  with  Dr.  Franklin  and'  Mr.  Rutledge,  to  general  Howe's 
bead  quarter?.  •  Tbefe  deputies,  leading  with  them,  in  a  manly  wayi 
the  holtages  whvch  the  general  bad  given  for  their  fecurity,  marched' 
to  the  place  of  conferencei  in  the  midft  of  twenty  thoufand  men  rani^' 
ged  under  anijis.'  ■  Wbpther  thi«  military  Ihew  was  meant-  to  do  ho- 
rtour  to  the  America  nsi  or  to  give  them  an  high  idea  of  the  Englilli 
ioice,  is  not  worth  enquiry.  If  its  objedV  was  to  terrify  the  deputies  . 
«(  Congiei's,  it  failed  ;'  making  no  more  impreflion  on  them,  than' 
(he  (udden  dircovi>ry  of  elephants  did  upon  certain  ambaflfadors  of 
old.  TJie-utmoftpolitenefs  haying  pafled  on  both  fidfs,  the  confer i^ 
ence  eudedt  3S  had  been  frreCeen,  without  any  effect.  ' 

Mt .  Adams  haVipg  btfeii  ^ftsen  months  oiie  of  the  commifEoners 
cf  the  war  department,  and  a  ^>rtii©fpjil  fliggeiior  df  the   terms  to  bo 
oilered  to  France-,  for  tot  ■  rung  treaties  ot  alliance  and  conimerce,  he 
was  lenctq  the  couitot  Verfatlles,  as  one  ofthe  miiiiftersplenipoten^ 
tiary  of  the  United  Staves.*  After  continuing  fome  time  inveftcd  with" 
this  important  tru't,  he  retrrned  to  Anieri'^a  }    wheie  he  no  feoner 
appeared,  tha!)  he  was  called  upon  by  the  State  of  Maitachufetts-bayg' 
to^ainfl:  in  forming  a  fyfttm  of  government,   that  might  eftabliHi  the 
rights  of  all  on  clear,'] oil,  and  pernianent  grounds.     He  was   never  ' 
nnuioyed  in  :}  buiinefs  ii'iorS  agreeable  to  himfeif  ;  for,  the  happinefs' 
ct  his  fpHuw  citizens  is  his  great  obieft.  '  He  fought  r.ot  honour  in'  ; 
t1/n  arduous  nnnertaklng,  btit   it  fell  ultimately  upon   him.'    He   has 
gained  ic  all  over  2mo;5e.''If  he  endeavoured  to  obtain  by  it  the  cf* 
Uein  luidlove  of  hii  counfryiijen,  he   has  lucceeded  ;  for  they  know' 
thty  -I'C  ciiiefi,  in  Reined  to  hyn  for' the  conftitution  of  tjie  State  of  . 
Mafachuiiitsbay,  I"  it  flTandsatlhisday.' 

This  itnporto,,.<r>ul]r.efs  bcihj;  compict^d  (o  th?Tatisfkftidn  of  all, 
he  c.m'.e  b?-  k  to  Europe,'  ^A'ith  full  powers  from  Congrefs  to  affift  at 
any  con^ctences  Vvhich  might  be  cpened  for  tVe  eltablilhment  of  ■ 
p^race  ;  and  had  lent  iiim,  foo'u  after,  «>ther  powers  to  negociate  7  ,' 
jo.\",  of  moneyfor  the  lifsof  the  UnitedStates;  and  to  reprefeiit  them, 
au  thci'  tuiniller  ijlfnlndttntiary.to  their  High  Mightintfre.s  the  State# 
Gener.il  or  the  United  Frovmccs.  Such  important  trults  fhew,  va, 
w;>^i  <*iHin  uion  he  is  held  by  his  country  ;  and  hts  manner  of  exe- 
<:u»^i.ir,  thtm,  that  that  conhdtnce  is  well  placed.  ' 

Oil  his  ai.:v;il  in  HclLnd,  nothing  could  hi\'C  been  more  unprq- 


\ 


JOHN       ADAMS: 


93 


tru< 


:p£n-. 


snifing  to  the  happy  execution  of  his  miflion,  than  were  theafFairi  q£ 
that  country.  The  inAuence  of  the  court  of  St.  James's  over  a  cer^ 
iain  fet  of  men,  the  intereft  that  many  had  in  the  funds  and  commerce 
of  Rngland,  and  the  dreaJ  of  her  power,  which  generally  prevailed 
throughout  the  provinces,  obliged  him  to  a£l  with  the  utmoft  cirf 
^umfpe^ion.  ^  Unknown,  and  at  iirft  unnoticed  (at  leaft  but  by  a 
few)  he  had  nothing  to  do  but  to  examine  into  the  ft.:te  of  things^^ 
^nd  characters  of  the  leading  men.  This  neceflary  knowledge  was 
fcarcely  acquired,  when  the  conduct  of  the  Bgitiih  Minillry  affordedl 
,him  an  opportunity  of  fhewing  himfelf  more  openly.  The  contempt* 
ininlt  and  violencewith  which  the  wholeBelgic  nation  was  treated,gave 
iiim  great  advantages  over  the  Englifh  ambaflador  at  the  Hague.  He: 
ferved  himfelf  of  his  rival's  rafnners  and  folly  with  great  coolnefs  and 
^ability  ;  and,  by  confequehce,  became  fo  particularly  obnoxious  to 
the  prevailing  party,  that  it  was  fomewhat  dangerous  for  him  to  go 
to  a  village  fcarcely  a  day's  journey  from  his  rdidence,  but  with  the 
ticmolt  fecrecy  c  the  fate  of  DoriAar  was  before  his  eyes.  Having 
been  therefore  under  the  necelTity  pf  refiding  at  Amfterdam,  for  pro* 
teCtion  againlt  the  malice  of  the  timeS;  he  foonga^ned  the  good  opinion 
of  the  magiftrates  by  his  pruHent  conduct  as  a  private  citizen.  The 
bad  policy  of  EiigUnd,  enabled  him  to  ftep  forward  as  a  public  chax 
ra£ter.  As  fuch,  he  prefented  to  the  Spates  General  his  famous  me- 
morial, dated  the  19th  of  April,  17S1,  ^herein  the  declaration  of  tho 
independency  of  America  on  t(ie  4!th  of  July  1776,  was  juftified  j  the 
unalterable  refolution  of  the  United  States  to  abide  thereby  aiTcrted  9 
the  intereil  that,  all  the  powers  of  Europe,  and  particularly  the  States 
deneral,  have  in  maintaitiing  it,  proved  j  the  political  and  natu- 
ral grounds  of  a  commercial  connection  between  the  two  republicf 
pointed  out  {  and  informatioj)  given  tibat  the  memoralift  was  inveft- 
«d  with  full  powers  froih'Congreft  lo  tireat  with  their  High  Migbtl* 
ii«J|es  for  the  ^ood  of  both  countries.    •    •. 

The  preientingthis  memorial  was  a  delicate  ftep  j  Mr.  Adams  was 
ftnfiblei  jkhat  he  alon^  wa»  am^'werable  for  the  confequences,  it  being 
taken  rt6^t  merely  froip  his  o\yn  fingle  fqggeftion,  but  contrary 
to  the  pplnion  and  advice  offorae  of  great  weight  and  authority. 
However^  maturely  confidering  the  mearure,he  faw  it  in  all  its  lights^ 
s^nd  boldly  veniureJ  on  the  undertaking.  The  full  and  immediate 
efFeft  of  it  was  not  expetSlted  at  once.  The  firft  objeft  was,  that  th§ 
nation  (hould  confider  the  matter  thoroughly  ;  it  being  evident,  that 
the  more  it  was ruminatsd  en, the moreobvious  would  be  the  advantages 
and  neceffity  of  a  connexion  between  the  two  countries  When, there- 
fore, the  Memoriol  was  vaken  by  thejStatcs  General,  ad  rtferendum^ 
the  firft  point  was  gained  ;  the  people  tliOUgi^t  of,  and  reafoned  on 
the  matter  fet  before  them  j  many  excellent  i^feings  appeared,  and 
they  made  the  greateft  imprefTjon  ;  a  weekly  paper  ihf?^ticular,  en- 
titled Le  Politique  HoUandois,  drew  the  attention  of  all,  o^ac^ount 
of  its  information,  the  fou;idnels  of  its  argument,  and  its  polJtfoal 
jtidgmeht  and  patriotifm.  At  length,  the  time  came  when  the  work 
wak  to  be  compleated  :  the  generality  of  the  people  of  Holland,  fee- 
.jng  the  neceffity  of  opening  a  new  courfe  to  their  trade,  which  the 
,  ▼iolent  aggrcflion  of  England,  and  the  commercial  ipirit  of  other  na- 
tions tended  to  diminiHi,  demanded  an  immediate  conncdtion  with  the 
United  States  of  America,  as  a  means  of  indemnifyinj$  thcmf  Ives  for 
the  lofs  which  a  declared  enemy  had  brought  on  thtm,  ^i\A  the  rival- 
<hip  of  neighbouring  nations  might  prodacc.  Mr,  , 


•'     % 


■  '1 


.94 


Character  of  his  FxCBiLiKGy 


Mr.  Adams  feizedtheoccallon  which  the  pubic  difpeii^ioa  aifordeil 
hff:>,andpreftnted  his  ulterior  addrefs  of  thepth  of  Jan.iySa;  referring 
therein  to  his  memorial  of  the  T9rh  of  April,  1781,  and  demanding 
;t  categorical  anfwer  thereto.  The  towns,  cities,  qu^itert,  and  Itatea 
of  the  fevcral  provinces  took  the  whole  matter  into  immediate  delibe- 
r&'ion,  and  initruftcd  their  feveral  deputies,  ^n  the  States  General,  to 
concur  in  the  admidion  of  Mr.  Adams  in  q^u^lity  of  miniiter  plentpo* 
tgntidry  of  the  United  States  of  North  America.  This  was  done  by 
arcfolutloa,  paffed  by  their  High  Mightineflbs  the  19th  of  Apiif> 
itj^i  i  nnd  on  the  zzd  of  the  fame  month,  Mr.  Adams  was  admitted 
iRccordingly,  with  ail  the  ufiial  ceremonies.         *  V. 

This  event  <'eem.<;  to  have  been  as  great  a  blow  as  any  that  has  been 
giivsn  to  the  pride  and  intereftsof  England  duiing  the  war.  It  ftiew- 
«d  the  Dutch  were  no  longer  over-awed  by  the  pdwer  of  their  enemy, 
iof  they  daieil  to  brave  hira  to  his  teeth.  It  fet  an  example  to  other 
n'atiojis,  to  p:irtake  of  the  commerce  of  thofe  countries,  which  Eng. 
UmuI  had  loft  by  hei'  inconfiiierate  conduft.  It'confounded  at  once 
t.v.  Kngliili  partiiansin  Ho^and,  and  proved  that  Sir  Jofeph  Yorke 
was  n  )t  the  great  rainifter  he  had  hitherto  been  fuppcfed  to  be.  It 
gave  occaljo.n  to  an  ambailador  of  one  of  thegreateft  mon^rchs  of  Eu- 
jfiipe  to  Uy  to  Mr.  Adams  ;  ^ou:  dvezfrappe,  Monfieur,  le plus  grand 
,mtn  de  U'Ut  l'  Ettrcpe.  CrJ}  le  plus  grand  coup,  qui  a  etc  J'rappe  dans  la 
femj't'  America: lie.  Cffi  'uous  qui  wvez.  effraye  et  terraj'e  les  An^hmannei 
C^tfl<voiis  nui  u-v£z  rempli  cett^  nation  d^fntkoujlafme.  And  then  turning 
t|tt  anothci-  gentleman,  he  laid,  Ce  n'ejl pas  pour  fai^e  compliment  a  Mon- 
^•'u:vr  ,^aniSy  (^us  je  dis  cela  :  c\Jf  parcequett  veriteje  croit  fjue  e"  eft  fa  due, 
rhis  diplomatic  complin>ent  has  been  followed  by  others.  One 
fh«y  tMnfcribe  with  plealure  a  convivial  one  contained  in  the  follow- 
ing line*,  whi^bahingentouf  and  patriotic  Dutchman  addrefl'ed  to 
his  exctilcncy  Mr^  Adams,  on  "drftikinf  to  !)»«»  out  of  a  large  beau- 
}i4iiii  ^'mIm  tQr||icll  is  called  a  UctaU,  aixd  has^iiiiuribi:d  round  its 
•  biiaj,   Auriga  Lthertas,  ...,.'•■ 


A  t-r  a  F  A  L  T  9  K  K  T  A  s  .'  gaucfe  !  pars  altera  nunds 

'■'inlice  W  reni'Jt  fuhdcre  coila  jugO. 
Hii'c  i^hi'if/^ar.ttn  tfue^n  cotifors  Bflgarecepit 

i'ic:!]}',:  jincero  poculn,  plena  Jero. 
hvii'-nt  rrf!:  ncJii'':,  fnox fij'pkienJa  tjrannitt 

^Ijis  l/trifititi  -vi/iculajacraprecor  ! 


■%??♦ 


fcWv.„-t 


■,Aii. 


m: 


Thev  wf        nvoan   opportunity  of  knowing  his  Ercellency  Mr, 
Adnm*!,  rtace  in  'lis  ferturcs  tfje  molt   uiiequivocal  marks  of  probity 
;ii\.\  can'MJr.      He  wnites    to  that  t;ravity,  fuitable  to  the  chaiacter 
'ftuh  which  hji^  '...  iiuv:lte.i.  an  atfability,    which  prejudjces  yon  in  his 
t;ivoiti.-,,.    Alrhoiighof  a  lilent  turn,  as. William  the  Prince  of  Orange 
>*'.<<,  an;  mu't'gitat  tnen  are,  wito  engage  in  important  alfairs,  he  has 
j»cvt:ij!ielei".<  a  natur.u  eloquenc?  forthe  difcuilion  of  matters  which  ;»rc 
r!^c;  ob-.th  of  his  miflion,   and  for  the  4-pccoinmending  and  enforcing 
fit  uurh;!,  n:eufuics,  and  (y(tt;ms,  which  are  di6>ateri  h\  f-MMiH    po- 
I'Oy.      He  has  neither  the  corrupted   nor  corrupting  principles   of 
Lord  Chclte;  field,  nor  the  qualities  of  Sir  JoiVph  Yorke  iuu  rhe  plain 
And  virtuju^;  deiafanor  of  !-jir  William  Ttinple.     Like  him  ^oo  he  is 
iimple  in  negoci.iticn,  whtre  he  finds  candour  in  thofe  who  treat  with 
Kivo.     OthcrwUe  he  has  the  fe  verity  of  a  true  repubUcau,    his  high 


JOHN       ADAMS. 


9g 


sdea  of  virtue  giving  bim  a  rigidnefs,  which  mnkts  it  difficult  for  bim 
to  accommodate  himfclf  to  thole  intrigues  wl'ich  Km  opean  politics  li.we 
introduced  into  negociation.  *'  11  fait  (jueVart  dcne^cc.tr  ti'ef  ^^c^sVart 
dUtttriguer  et  de  tromper  ;  y«'/V  tie  coijift/  pas  a  ccrromprt  ;  ^  je  ji-urr  <-•>/. 
firmens  et  a  j emeriti  atarmet  et  U:  di-vifmis  \  quun  negociattur  kubiie ptui 
Parvenir  a/on  but  fans  ces  expedtens,  qui  font  la  trifie  resource  dei  intnga-  ' 
snSf  fens  anjoi^  receuv  a  des  maaau'vns  detournes  et  extramdinairts,  il 
frou'ue  dans  U  nature  mfrnt  dts affaires  qu'il negocii dis  inadtns prettei  i 
fdiirt  renjir  tous/et  p,  ojets. 


•  ■:  '  MtMfurtment  of  the  countries  ceded  in  America, 

•JL  ,TA»Y  people  nre  unable  to  form  an  adequate  idea  of  the'extent 
AVi.  cf  tuc  tiftrift  ceded  in  America,  becaufe  the  geography  oi  that 
ironaenfe  country  is  not  well  known.  It  will  not  be  amilis  therefore 
to  compare  Lhe  diftrift  ceded,  with  the  ccuntriei  with  which  wearo 
more  acquainted.  The  following  meafui-ements  are  made  with  accu- 
racy. 

The  river  Ohio  is  navigable  fr«m  Fort  Pitt  to  its  mouth,  w!hic)i  h 
1  length  t  i,64  miles  s — 

r  be  lands  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio,    and  between  the  Allej^ny 
Mountains,  the  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  and  the  Illinois  and   MtWiU . 
fippi  rivers,  contain  233,200  fquare  .miles,  which  is  nearly  equal  to 
Great  Britain  and  France,   whofe  contCBti  arc  only  a35,aj[7   i<ij;uart 
miles.  \^-  '^''\:' 

The  lands  between  the  Illinois,  Lakes  Huron  aifl|Jvp^rior,  and 
the  Miiliifippi  at  the  Falls  of  St,  Anthony,  contain  iz,,o-3o  fquars 
tniles,  |tM^  equal  to  Great  Britain  and  Ireknd,  which  contain  ora- 
ly  131,800  (quare  miles. 

The  lands  from  St.  Anthony's   Falls   to  the  South  Jine  from  tb«- 
3!/ake  of  the  woods  to  the  head  of  the  MiflifTtppi,  contain  50,000  fquart 
sniles,  which  is  more  than  all  Holland,  Flanders  and  Ireland,  whick 
contain  only  57,098  fquare  miles. 

£a.^  Florida  alone  contains  35,000  fquare  miles,  and  is  nearly  nt 
targe  as  Ireland,  which  has  only  35,400  fquare  miles——  i 

The  United  States  of  America  contain  207,050  fquare  miles,  near!*.. 
H9  large  as  all  Germany,  Flanders^  HolUnd,  and  Swizerland,  whic^ 
contaia 807,4.83  fquwremilei,     ^      .    ^>.;.  v  v    ;.> 


■'I 


sM'i: 


'.ifaManwfM 


IMaW<»*»-''"'''?%»iXim!t  J-i^B*""  "* 


